Non-linear development of EEG coherence in adolescents and young adults shown by the analysis of neurophysiological trajectories and their covariance.

This figure consists of two schematic diagrams illustrating electrode placements and connectivity for EEG analysis. The upper panel shows sagittal frontal-central bipolar derivations, where blue lines connect specific electrode pairs (e.g., F7-T7, F3-C3). The lower panel displays coherence pairs, maintaining the blue bipolar channels while adding red lines that connect the midpoints of these pairs to form various coherence combinations.

This figure consists of two line graphs comparing geodesic linearity analysis for males (left) and females (right), with the x-axis representing age in years and the y-axis representing geodesic distance. Both plots track four metrics: primary linear progression (solid blue), secondary linear progression (solid green), distance from primary progression (dashed blue), and distance from secondary progression (dashed green). In both groups, the primary linear progression increases steadily with age, while the distance from primary progression peaks around age 20 before declining.

This figure consists of four line graphs showing geodesic linearity analysis for Male and Female subjects in the Anterior and Posterior subsystems. The x-axis represents "Age in years" (15–30) and the y-axis represents "Geodesic distance." Each plot compares primary and secondary linear progressions (solid lines) against their respective distances from progression (dashed lines), with the primary linear progression generally showing an upward trend as age increases.

This is a schematic diagram illustrating laterally oriented coherence pairs across the brain's hemispheres. The figure displays intrahemispheric pairs (connected by solid lines) and interhemispheric pairs (connected by dashed lines) between specific electrode sites (e.g., F7-F3, P7-P3). Red curved lines group these pairs into lateral clusters, while blue circles and red diamonds mark the specific derivation points.

This figure consists of six line graphs showing coherence trajectories across age (12 to 31 years) for male and female groups, categorized by brain region: anterior, posterior, and intra. Each plot displays multiple colored lines representing 27 bipolar coherence pairs, with the y-axis ranging from 0 to 1. The trajectories generally show a slight increase in coherence during adolescence followed by a plateau, with similar patterns observed between males and females.

This figure consists of four line plots showing Z-scores of high alpha band trajectories across age (12 to 31 years) for anterior-inter, anterior-intra, posterior-inter, and posterior-intra coherence pairs. Solid lines represent male trajectories and dashed lines represent female trajectories, with various colors denoting different coherence pairs. While most trajectories show a general increase in Z-score with age, the "Anterior-Intra" panel displays a distinct divergence where several trajectories (notably blue and cyan) peak around age 20 and then decline.

This figure consists of two line plots showing the trajectories of covariance values (upper panel) and correlation coefficients (lower panel) from age 12 to 31. Both panels compare males (solid lines) and females (dashed lines) across the 1st quartile, median, and 3rd quartile. In both visualizations, values generally trend upward over time, with the 3rd quartile (red) consistently remaining the highest and the 1st quartile (blue) the lowest for both sexes.

This figure consists of four line plots showing z-score trajectories from age 12 to 31 for anterior-inter, anterior-intra, posterior-inter, and posterior-intra coherence pairs. The x-axis represents age in years, and the y-axis represents the z-score, with solid lines indicating males, dashed lines indicating females, and black lines representing geodesic distance trajectories. Most trajectories show an upward trend that plateaus after age 20, though the "Anterior-Intra" panel displays several divergent trajectories (blue and cyan) that decline after age 20.

This line graph displays Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) distance values across three axes for males (solid lines) and females (dashed lines) from ages 12 to 30. The x-axis represents "Age in years" and the y-axis represents "MDS distance." Axis 1 (blue) shows a steady increase over time, while Axis 2 (green) and Axis 3 (red) exhibit oscillatory patterns, with male and female trajectories closely following one another.

This figure consists of four line plots showing Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) distance trajectories across age (12 to 31 years) for different sex and region comparisons. The x-axis represents "Age in years" and the y-axis represents "MDS distance," with colored lines (red, green, blue) representing different data dimensions. Solid lines denote males or anterior regions, while dashed lines denote females or posterior regions, as specified by the panel titles.

This line graph displays geodesic distances between sexes and brain regions across ages 12 to 31 years. The y-axis represents "Geodesic distances" and the x-axis represents "Age in years." The "Male-Female distance" (solid blue line) shows the highest overall values and a general upward trend, while other trajectories, including sex-specific anterior-posterior distances and regional sex differences, remain relatively stable between values of 1.0 and 2.3.