Largest GWAS of PTSD (N=20 070) yields genetic overlap with schizophrenia and sex differences in heritability.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Duncan, L E; Ratanatharathorn, A; Aiello, A E; Almli, L M; Amstadter, A B; Ashley-Koch, A E; Baker, D G; Beckham, J C; Bierut, L J; Bisson, J; Bradley, B; Chen, C-Y; Dalvie, S; Farrer, L A; Galea, S; Garrett, M E; Gelernter, J E; Guffanti, G; Hauser, M A; Johnson, E O; Kessler, R C; Kimbrel, N A; King, A; Koen, N; Kranzler, H R; Logue, M W; Maihofer, A X; Martin, A R; Miller, M W; Morey, R A; Nugent, N R; Rice, J P; Ripke, S; Roberts, A L; Saccone, N L; Smoller, J W; Stein, D J; Stein, M B; Sumner, J A; Uddin, M; Ursano, R J; Wildman, D E; Yehuda, R; Zhao, H; Daly, M J; Liberzon, I; Ressler, K J; Nievergelt, C M; Koenen, K C
- Year
- 2018
- Journal
- Molecular psychiatry
- PMID
- 28439101
- DOI
- 10.1038/mp.2017.77
- PMCID
- PMC5696105
The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium-Posttraumatic Stress Disorder group (PGC-PTSD) combined genome-wide case-control molecular genetic data across 11 multiethnic studies to quantify PTSD heritability, to examine potential shared genetic risk with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder and to identify risk loci for PTSD. Examining 20 730 individuals, we report a molecular genetics-based heritability estimate (h) for European-American females of 29% that is similar to h for schizophrenia and is substantially higher than h in European-American males (estimate not distinguishable from zero). We found strong evidence of overlapping genetic risk between PTSD and schizophrenia along with more modest evidence of overlap with bipolar and major depressive disorder. No single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) exceeded genome-wide significance in the transethnic (overall) meta-analysis and we do not replicate previously reported associations. Still, SNP-level summary statistics made available here afford the best-available molecular genetic index of PTSD-for both European- and African-American individuals-and can be used in polygenic risk prediction and genetic correlation studies of diverse phenotypes. Publication of summary statistics for ∼10 000 African Americans contributes to the broader goal of increased ancestral diversity in genomic data resources. In sum, the results demonstrate genetic influences on the development of PTSD, identify shared genetic risk between PTSD and other psychiatric disorders and highlight the importance of multiethnic/racial samples. As has been the case with schizophrenia and other complex genetic disorders, larger sample sizes are needed to identify specific risk loci.
Figure 1
Study design for phase 1 PGC-PTSD: (a) single variant GWAS and meta-analyses (b) polygenic analyses. (a) Each of the 19 gray boxes represents one ancestry-assigned data set/GWAS. Within-ancestry meta-analyses were followed by the transethnic meta-analysis. (b) Blue boxes denote polygenic analyses. LDSC could not be applied to the African-American (AA) subsample. Latino/Hispanic (LA) and South African samples were deemed too small for polygenic analyses. GWAS, genome-wide association study; LDSC, linkage disequilibrium score regression; PGC-PTSD, Psychiatric Genomics Consortium-Posttraumatic Stress Disorder group.
Figure 2
Ancestral composition for phase 1 of PGC-PTSD and principal components (PC) plot of individuals’ data. (a) PGC-PTSD (left) compared with the largest psychiatric meta-analyses (center) and estimated world ancestry (right). (b) Plot of first two principal components and assigned ancestry according to the protocol described in the text. Each dot is one individual. GWAS, genome-wide association study; PGC-PTSD, Psychiatric Genomics Consortium-Posttraumatic Stress Disorder group.
Figure 3
PTSD SNP-chip heritability (h2SNP) overall and for males and females separately and comparison with other psychiatric disorders. Gray bars denote PTSD heritability estimates. Slashed bars reflect SCZ, BIP and MDD heritability estimates calculated using LDSC as applied to published data.16, 31, 32 Red lines denote twin study heritability estimates, see Discussion. European-American (EA) samples only per description in text; error bars reflect s.e. BIP, bipolar disorder; LDSC, linkage disequilibrium score regression; MDD, major depressive disorder; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SCZ, schizophrenia; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism.
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| Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 expression is associated with symptom severity in patients with PTSD in a sex-dependent manner. | Cosentino L et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Multivariate genomic architecture of cortical thickness and surface area at multiple levels of analysis. | Grotzinger AD et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Outpatient Pharmacogenomic Screenings to Prevent Addiction, Overdose, and Suicide. | Yarlagadda A et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Polygenic risk for mental disorders as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder after mild traumatic brain injury. | Stein MB et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Polygenic Risk for Schizophrenia, Major Depression, and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Hippocampal Subregion Volumes in Middle Childhood. | Pine JG et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Shared genetic architecture between mental health and the brain functional connectome in the UK Biobank. | Roelfs D et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Shared genetic influences on depression and menopause symptoms. | Meijsen JJ et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Transcriptional signal and cell specificity of genes related to cortical structural differences of post-traumatic stress disorder. | Xiao Y et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Transcriptome-Wide Structural Equation Modeling of 13 Major Psychiatric Disorders for Cross-Disorder Risk and Drug Repurposing. | Grotzinger AD et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Trauma Matters: Integrating Genetic and Environmental Components of PTSD. | Marchese S et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Adiponectin gene polymorphisms and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among female rape survivors: an exploratory study. | Vuong E et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Alcohol use and alcohol use disorder differ in their genetic relationships with PTSD: A genomic structural equation modelling approach. | Bountress KE et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Altered gene expression and PTSD symptom dimensions in World Trade Center responders. | Marchese S et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Applications of Mendelian randomization in psychiatry: a comprehensive systematic review. | Saccaro LF et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| A scoping review and comparison of approaches for measuring genetic heterogeneity in psychiatric disorders. | Wang H et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Association of polygenic risk scores, traumatic life events and coping strategies with war-related PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity in the South Eastern Europe (SEE)-PTSD cohort. | Weber H et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Brain Proteome-Wide Association Study Identifies Candidate Genes that Regulate Protein Abundance Associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. | Zhang Z et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Detecting genetic heterogeneities in response to trauma: The case of 9/11. | Furuya S et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Eating disorder symptoms and their associations with anthropometric and psychiatric polygenic scores. | Abdulkadir M et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Enhancing Discovery of Genetic Variants for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Through Integration of Quantitative Phenotypes and Trauma Exposure Information. | Maihofer AX et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Epigenetic Age Acceleration and Risk for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder following Exposure to Substantiated Child Maltreatment. | Shenk CE et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Epigenetic Approach to PTSD: In the Aspects of Rat Models. | Aykac A et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Genetically regulated multi-omics study for symptom clusters of posttraumatic stress disorder highlights pleiotropy with hematologic and cardio-metabolic traits. | Pathak GA et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Genetic architecture of 11 major psychiatric disorders at biobehavioral, functional genomic and molecular genetic levels of analysis. | Grotzinger AD et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Immune marker levels in severe mental disorders: associations with polygenic risk scores of related mental phenotypes and psoriasis. | Werner MCF et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Laboratory models of post-traumatic stress disorder: The elusive bridge to translation. | Dunsmoor JE et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Leveraging Large-Scale Genetics of PTSD and Cardiovascular Disease to Demonstrate Robust Shared Risk and Improve Risk Prediction Accuracy. | Seligowski AV et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Modeling gene × environment interactions in PTSD using human neurons reveals diagnosis-specific glucocorticoid-induced gene expression. | Seah C et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Multiscale neural signatures of major depressive, anxiety, and stress-related disorders. | Zhukovsky P et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Phenotypic and genetic analysis of a wellbeing factor score in the UK Biobank and the impact of childhood maltreatment and psychiatric illness. | Jamshidi J et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Physiological Genomics Plays a Crucial Role in Response to Stressful Life Events, the Development of Aggressive Behaviours, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). | Magwai T et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Polygenic prediction of PTSD trajectories in 9/11 responders. | Waszczuk MA et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Brain Transcriptomics: Convergent Genomic Signatures Across Biological Sex. | Wang J et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder: clinical and translational neuroscience from cells to circuits. | Ressler KJ et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging: A genome-wide association study. | Zai CC et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD. | Alexandra Kredlow M et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Psychological trauma and the genetic overlap between posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder. | Mundy J et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Surprisingly Is Evolutionary and Found Everywhere: Is It "Blowin' in the Wind"? | Blum K et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| RNA-seq analysis of gene expression profiles in posttraumatic stress disorder, Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia identifies roles for common and distinct biological pathways. | Hemmings SMJ et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| RORA rs8042149 polymorphism moderates the association between PTSD symptom severity and transverse temporal gyrus thickness in Han Chinese adults who lost their only child. | Qi R et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Sex-Dependent Shared and Nonshared Genetic Architecture Across Mood and Psychotic Disorders. | Blokland GAM et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Shared genetic basis between reproductive behaviors and anxiety-related disorders. | Ohi K et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders: a bidirectional Mendelian randomisation study. | Sun X et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Stability of polygenic scores across discovery genome-wide association studies. | Schultz LM et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The consequences of a year of the COVID-19 pandemic for the mental health of young adult twins in England and Wales. | Rimfeld K et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The DRD2 Taq1A polymorphism moderates the effect of PTSD symptom severity on the left hippocampal CA3 volume: a pilot study. | Yuan M et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The Effect of Nicotine Dependence on the Risk of Developing Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. | Ibrahim C et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The main effect and gene-environment interaction effect of the <i>ADCYAP1R1</i> polymorphism rs2267735 on the course of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms-A longitudinal analysis. | Zhang J et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Using phenotype risk scores to enhance gene discovery for generalized anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. | Wendt FR et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Why haven't we solved the addiction crisis? | Blum K et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| A comprehensive gene-centric pleiotropic association analysis for 14 psychiatric disorders with GWAS summary statistics. | Lu H et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| A Genome-Wide Association Study and Polygenic Risk Score Analysis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Metabolic Syndrome in a South African Population. | Swart PC et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Analysis of genetic differences between psychiatric disorders: exploring pathways and cell types/tissues involved and ability to differentiate the disorders by polygenic scores. | Rao S et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Associations Between Maternal Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Traumatic Events With Child Psychopathology: Results From a Prospective Longitudinal Study. | Glaus J et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Common genetic variation influencing human white matter microstructure. | Zhao B et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Contribution of birth weight to mental health, cognitive and socioeconomic outcomes: two-sample Mendelian randomisation. | Orri M et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Corticosterone dynamically regulates retrotransposable element expression in the rat hippocampus and C6 cells. | Bartlett AA et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Developmental mechanisms of sex differences: from cells to organisms. | Mank JE et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Discriminating Heterogeneous Trajectories of Resilience and Depression After Major Life Stressors Using Polygenic Scores. | Schultebraucks K et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Examining Sex-Differentiated Genetic Effects Across Neuropsychiatric and Behavioral Traits. | Martin J et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Exploring complex PTSD in patients visiting a psychiatric outpatient clinic in Kathmandu, Nepal. | Koirala R et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| From genetics to systems biology of stress-related mental disorders. | Dalvie S et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Functional enhancer elements drive subclass-selective expression from mouse to primate neocortex. | Mich JK et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Gene Expression Analysis in Three Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Cohorts Implicates Inflammation and Innate Immunity Pathways and Uncovers Shared Genetic Risk With Major Depressive Disorder. | Garrett ME et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Gene Expression Differences Between Young Adults Based on Trauma History and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. | Bountress KE et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Genetic Correlation Analysis and Transcriptome-wide Association Study Suggest the Overlapped Genetic Mechanism between Gout and Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. | Kafle OP et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Genome-wide association analyses of post-traumatic stress disorder and its symptom subdomains in the Million Veteran Program. | Stein MB et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Genome-wide association study of panic disorder reveals genetic overlap with neuroticism and depression. | Forstner AJ et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Genome-wide association study of suicidal behaviour severity in mood disorders. | Zai CC et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Genome-wide differentially methylated genes associated with posttraumatic stress disorder and longitudinal change in methylation in rape survivors. | Nöthling J et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Genomic factors underlying sex differences in trauma-related disorders. | Ponomareva OY et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| GWAS of peptic ulcer disease implicates Helicobacter pylori infection, other gastrointestinal disorders and depression. | Wu Y et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Immune system regulation and role of the human leukocyte antigen in posttraumatic stress disorder. | Katrinli S et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Internet-based cognitive and behavioural therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. | Simon N et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Is PTSD-Phenotype Associated with HPA-Axis Sensitivity? Feedback Inhibition and Other Modulating Factors of Glucocorticoid Signaling Dynamics. | Danan D et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| MicroRNAs as biomarker and novel therapeutic target for posttraumatic stress disorder in Veterans. | Gupta S et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Mini-review: A possible role for galanin in post-traumatic stress disorder. | Ullrich D et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| On the Genetic and Environmental Relationship Between Suicide Attempt and Death by Suicide. | Edwards AC et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Phenotypically independent profiles relevant to mental health are genetically correlated. | Roelfs D et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Polygenic risk scoring to assess genetic overlap and protective factors influencing posttraumatic stress, depression, and chronic pain after motor vehicle collision trauma. | Lobo JJ et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder: from gene discovery to disease biology. | Polimanti R et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Pre-deployment risk factors for PTSD in active-duty personnel deployed to Afghanistan: a machine-learning approach for analyzing multivariate predictors. | Schultebraucks K et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| PTSD: Past, present and future implications for China. | Zhou YG et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Shared transethnic genetic basis of panic disorder and psychiatric and related intermediate phenotypes. | Ohi K et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| The complex trauma of psychological violence: cross-sectional findings from a Cohort of four Danish Women Shelters. | Dokkedahl S et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| The Genetic Architecture of Depression in Individuals of East Asian Ancestry: A Genome-Wide Association Study. | Giannakopoulou O et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| The occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), job burnout and its influencing factors among ICU nurses. | Li P et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Title: "Labels Matter: Is it stress or is it Trauma?" | Richter-Levin G et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Transcriptome-wide association study of post-trauma symptom trajectories identified GRIN3B as a potential biomarker for PTSD development. | Lori A et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Transcriptomic organization of the human brain in post-traumatic stress disorder. | Girgenti MJ et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Translating Across Circuits and Genetics Toward Progress in Fear- and Anxiety-Related Disorders. | Ressler KJ | — | 2021 | → |
| Utilization of machine learning for identifying symptom severity military-related PTSD subtypes and their biological correlates. | Siegel CE et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Analysis of Genetically Regulated Gene Expression Identifies a Prefrontal PTSD Gene, SNRNP35, Specific to Military Cohorts. | Huckins LM et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| An atlas of genetic correlations between psychiatric disorders and human blood plasma proteome. | Cheng S et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| A novel theory on the predictive value of variation in the β-endorphin system on the risk and severity of PTSD. | Mac Gillavry DW et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| A principal component approach to improve association testing with polygenic risk scores. | Coombes BJ et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Atypical lateralization in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders: What is the role of stress? | Berretz G et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Chronic stress and endothelial dysfunction: mechanisms, experimental challenges, and the way ahead. | Sher LD et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Dissecting clinical heterogeneity of bipolar disorder using multiple polygenic risk scores. | Coombes BJ et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Effects of COMT rs4680 and BDNF rs6265 polymorphisms on brain degree centrality in Han Chinese adults who lost their only child. | Qi R et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Evaluating the Genetic Correlations Between Left-Handedness and Mental Disorder Using Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression and Transcriptome-Wide Association Study. | Cheng B et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Gender- and Sex-Based Contributors to Sex Differences in PTSD. | Christiansen DM et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Genetic predictors of hippocampal subfield volume in PTSD cases and trauma-exposed controls. | Morey RA et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Genetics of resilience: Implications from genome-wide association studies and candidate genes of the stress response system in posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. | Maul S et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Genomic influences on self-reported childhood maltreatment. | Dalvie S et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Heterogeneity and Polygenicity in Psychiatric Disorders: A Genome-Wide Perspective. | Wendt FR et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Insomnia and posttraumatic stress symptoms: Evidence of shared etiology. | Cox RC et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Integrated genetic, epigenetic, and gene set enrichment analyses identify NOTCH as a potential mediator for PTSD risk after trauma: Results from two independent African cohorts. | Conrad D et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in middle age: genetic and environmental architecture and stability of symptoms over 15 to 20 years. | Gustavson DE et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Low cardiac vagal control is associated with genetic liability for elevated triglycerides and risky health behaviors. | Martin JD et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Massively parallel techniques for cataloguing the regulome of the human brain. | Townsley KG et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Meta-Analysis of Associations Between Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Genes and Risk of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. | Sheerin CM et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Molecular genetic overlap between posttraumatic stress disorder and sleep phenotypes. | Lind MJ et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Multi-ethnic analysis shows genetic risk and environmental predictors interact to influence 25(OH)D concentration and optimal vitamin D intake. | Hatchell KE et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Multi-omic biomarker identification and validation for diagnosing warzone-related post-traumatic stress disorder. | Dean KR et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Multivariable G-E interplay in the prediction of educational achievement. | Allegrini AG et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Neuroimmune Mechanisms and Sex/Gender-Dependent Effects in the Pathophysiology of Mental Disorders. | Kokkosis AG et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Pharmaceutical Implications of Sex-Related RNA Divergence in Psychiatric Disorders. | Simchovitz-Gesher A et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Polygenic prediction and GWAS of depression, PTSD, and suicidal ideation/self-harm in a Peruvian cohort. | Shen H et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder and breast cancer: Risk factors and the role of inflammation and endocrine function. | Brown LC et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with reduced vitamin D levels and functional polymorphisms of the vitamin D binding-protein in a population-based sample. | Terock J et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms among Lithuanian Parents Raising Children with Cancer. | Banienė I et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Potential influence of socioeconomic status on genetic correlations between alcohol consumption measures and mental health. | Marees AT et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Predictors of Current DSM-5 PTSD Diagnosis and Symptom Severity Among Deployed Veterans: Significance of Predisposition, Stress Exposure, and Genetics. | Hu Y et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Reproducible Genetic Risk Loci for Anxiety: Results From ∼200,000 Participants in the Million Veteran Program. | Levey DF et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Shared genetic etiology between anxiety disorders and psychiatric and related intermediate phenotypes. | Ohi K et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Shared genetic etiology underlying late-onset Alzheimer's disease and posttraumatic stress syndrome. | Lutz MW et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Shared molecular genetic risk of alcohol dependence and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). | Sheerin CM et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Testing structural models of psychopathology at the genomic level. | Waldman ID et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The association of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) rs4680 polymorphisms and generalized anxiety disorder in the Chinese Han population. | He Q et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The genomic basis of mood instability: identification of 46 loci in 363,705 UK Biobank participants, genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders, and association with gene expression and function. | Ward J et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The Pathways between Cortisol-Related Regulation Genes and PTSD Psychotherapy. | Castro-Vale I et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The p factor: genetic analyses support a general dimension of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence. | Allegrini AG et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Translating Across Circuits and Genetics Toward Progress in Fear- and Anxiety-Related Disorders. | Ressler KJ | — | 2020 | → |
| Turning strains into strengths for understanding psychiatric disorders. | Moore SJ et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Using the tools of genetic epidemiology to understand sex differences in neuropsychiatric disorders. | Merikangas AK et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Age-specific associations among functional COMT Val<sup>158</sup>Met polymorphism, resting parasympathetic nervous control and generalized anxiety disorder. | Chang HA et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Analysis of polygenic risk score usage and performance in diverse human populations. | Duncan L et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| An epistasis between dopaminergic and oxytocinergic systems confers risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in a traumatized Chinese cohort. | Zhang K et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Animal models of liability to post-traumatic stress disorder: going beyond fear memory. | Cabib S et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| A preliminary investigation of rare variants associated with genetic risk for PTSD in a natural disaster-exposed adolescent sample. | Sheerin CM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| A review of epigenetic contributions to post-traumatic stress disorder . | Howie H et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| A Review of Epigenetics of PTSD in Comorbid Psychiatric Conditions. | Blacker CJ et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and posttraumatic stress symptoms in U.S. military veterans: Protective effect of physical exercise. | Pitts BL et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Cannabinoid interventions for PTSD: Where to next? | Ney LJ et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Clinical use of current polygenic risk scores may exacerbate health disparities. | Martin AR et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Concordance of genetic variation that increases risk for anxiety disorders and posttraumatic stress disorders and that influences their underlying neurocircuitry. | van der Merwe C et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Deciphering the Biological Mechanisms Underlying the Genome-Wide Associations between Computerized Device Use and Psychiatric Disorders. | Wendt FR et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Differential BDNF methylation in combat exposed veterans and the association with exercise. | Voisey J et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| DNA methylation correlates of PTSD: Recent findings and technical challenges. | Morrison FG et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Estimating the risk of PTSD in recent trauma survivors: results of the International Consortium to Predict PTSD (ICPP). | Shalev AY et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| FKBP5 Genotype Linked to Combined PTSD-Depression Symptom in Chinese Earthquake Survivors. | Li G et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Genetic and Environmental Predictors of Adolescent PTSD Symptom Trajectories Following a Natural Disaster. | Sheerin CM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Genetic correlations of psychiatric traits with body composition and glycemic traits are sex- and age-dependent. | Hübel C et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Genetics of Eating Disorders: What the Clinician Needs to Know. | Bulik CM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Genetic Variants Associated With Anxiety and Stress-Related Disorders: A Genome-Wide Association Study and Mouse-Model Study. | Meier SM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Genome-wide association study identifies loci associated with liability to alcohol and drug dependence that is associated with variability in reward-related ventral striatum activity in African- and European-Americans. | Wetherill L et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Genome-wide association study of post-traumatic stress disorder reexperiencing symptoms in >165,000 US veterans. | Gelernter J et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Genomic basis of delayed reward discounting. | Gray JC et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Genomics of posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans: Methods and rationale for Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #575B. | Radhakrishnan K et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Genomic updates in understanding PTSD. | Sharma S et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Grapheme-Color Synesthesia is Associated with PTSD Among Deployed Veterans: Confirmation of Previous Findings and Need for Additional Research. | Hoffman SN et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| GWAS of Behavioral Traits. | Mehta D et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| GxE effects of FKBP5 and traumatic life events on PTSD: A meta-analysis. | Hawn SE et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Heritable Differences in Catecholamine Signaling Modulate Susceptibility to Trauma and Response to Methylphenidate Treatment: Relevance for PTSD. | Deslauriers J et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| How genome-wide association studies (GWAS) made traditional candidate gene studies obsolete. | Duncan LE et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Imaging Genetics Towards a Refined Diagnosis of Schizophrenia. | Jiang W et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| International meta-analysis of PTSD genome-wide association studies identifies sex- and ancestry-specific genetic risk loci. | Nievergelt CM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Investigating Individual Pre-trauma Susceptibility to a PTSD-Like Phenotype in Animals. | Alexander KS et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Metabolomic and glycomic findings in posttraumatic stress disorder. | Konjevod M et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Modification of the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by the 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms after Lorca's earthquakes (Murcia, Spain). | Navarro-Mateu F et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Multivariate genome-wide analysis of stress-related quantitative phenotypes. | Schijven D et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Polygenic risk associated with post-traumatic stress disorder onset and severity. | Misganaw B et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder: a state-of-the-art review of evidence and challenges. | Bryant RA | — | 2019 | → |
| Post-traumatic stress following military deployment: Genetic associations and cross-disorder genetic correlations. | Wang Y et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Predicting Polygenic Risk of Psychiatric Disorders. | Martin AR et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Psychiatric genetics and the structure of psychopathology. | Smoller JW et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Rediscovering the value of families for psychiatric genetics research. | Glahn DC et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Region- and time-dependent gene regulation in the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex of a PTSD-like mouse model. | Tanaka M et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Sex differences in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder: Are gonadal hormones the link? | Gogos A et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Sex differences in the genetic architecture of obsessive-compulsive disorder. | Khramtsova EA et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Shared genetics of asthma and mental health disorders: a large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis. | Zhu Z et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Social and non-social autism symptoms and trait domains are genetically dissociable. | Warrier V et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS): progress toward understanding suicide among soldiers. | Naifeh JA et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The effect of genetic vulnerability and military deployment on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms. | Schür RR et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in PTSD: Pathophysiology and treatment interventions. | Dunlop BW et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The role of sex in the genomics of human complex traits. | Khramtsova EA et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| A Clinician's Guide to PTSD Biomarkers and Their Potential Future Use. | Yang S et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Advancing neuropsychiatric genetics training and collaboration in Africa. | van der Merwe C et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| A <i>DRD2/ANNK1</i>-<i>COMT</i> Interaction, Consisting of Functional Variants, Confers Risk of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Traumatized Chinese. | Zhang K et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Brain circuit dysfunction in post-traumatic stress disorder: from mouse to man. | Fenster RJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Bridging Molecular Genetics and Epidemiology to Better Understand Sex Differences in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. | Davis LK | — | 2018 | → |
| Chromosomes to Social Contexts: Sex and Gender Differences in PTSD. | Kimerling R et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Cooperative p16 and p21 action protects female astrocytes from transformation. | Kfoury N et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Countering posttraumatic LHPA activation in refugee mothers and their infants. | Ullmann E et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Dynamic Patterns of Threat-Associated Gene Expression in the Amygdala and Blood. | Lori A et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Early Life Stress as a Predictor of Co-Occurring Alcohol Use Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. | Lee RS et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Epigenetic meta-analysis across three civilian cohorts identifies NRG1 and HGS as blood-based biomarkers for post-traumatic stress disorder. | Uddin M et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Evaluation of the Association Between Genetic Variants in Circadian Rhythm Genes and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Identifies a Potential Functional Allele in the Transcription Factor <i>TEF</i>. | Linnstaedt SD et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Exploring the association of genetic factors with participation in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. | Taylor AE et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Familiality of Psychiatric Disorders and Risk of Postpartum Psychiatric Episodes: A Population-Based Cohort Study. | Bauer AE et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Genetic Correlation Profile of Schizophrenia Mirrors Epidemiological Results and Suggests Link Between Polygenic and Rare Variant (22q11.2) Cases of Schizophrenia. | Duncan LE et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Genetic correlations among psychiatric and immune-related phenotypes based on genome-wide association data. | Tylee DS et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Genetic Model to Study the Co-Morbid Phenotypes of Increased Alcohol Intake and Prior Stress-Induced Enhanced Fear Memory. | Lim PH et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Genetic variation is associated with PTSD risk and aversive memory: Evidence from two trauma-Exposed African samples and one healthy European sample. | Wilker S et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Genome-wide analysis of self-reported risk-taking behaviour and cross-disorder genetic correlations in the UK Biobank cohort. | Strawbridge RJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Genomic Approaches to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Psychiatric Genomic Consortium Initiative. | Nievergelt CM et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Genomics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Sequencing Stress and Modeling Misfortune. | Stein MB | — | 2018 | → |
| Mechanisms of Sex Differences in Fear and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. | Ramikie TS et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Neurogenetic Approaches to Stress and Fear in Humans as Pathophysiological Mechanisms for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. | Nees F et al. | — | 2018 | → |
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