Fronto-temporal dysfunction in schizophrenia: A selective review.

paper Cited Public

Authors: John, John P
Year: 2009
Journal: Indian journal of psychiatry
PMID: 19881045
DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.55084
PMCID: PMC2772233

Schizophrenia is conceptualized as a disorder of aberrant neurodevelopment, with evident stigmata such as minor physical anomalies (MPA), neurological soft signs (NSS), and abnormalities of brain structure and function, proposed as disease endophenotypes. We have examined the neurobiology of schizophrenia using neurodevelopmental markers, structural MRI (sMRI), EEG spectral power, and coherence as well as neuropsychological testing in neuroleptic-naïve, recent-onset schizophrenia (NRS) subjects. It has been our focus to link the positive and negative symptom dimensions of schizophrenia with their underlying neural correlates specifically reflecting fronto-temporal circuitry dysfunction. We found that MPAs and NSSs constituted independent neurodevelopmental markers of schizophrenia and would afford greater predictive validity when used as a composite endophenotype. In an exploratory factor analytic study of the dimensionality of psychopathology, we noted that the symptoms segregated into three dimensions, viz., positive, negative, and disorganization, even in NRS subjects. Executive function tests as well as EEG spectral power and coherence studies revealed that the symptom dimensions of schizophrenia could be linked to specific neural correlates. In an attempt to study the relationship between the symptom dimensions and brain structure and function using MRI, we have proposed neuroanatomical definitions with cytoarchitectonic meaning for parcellation of the prefrontal sub-divisions. Using sMRI, we have found specific corpus callosal abnormalities that possibly link the temporo-parietal association cortices with the positive symptom dimension. Recently, we also found evidence for neurodevelopmental deviance in schizophrenia possibly involving the frontal pole (FP)-driven cortical network, in a sMRI study linking FP volume and total brain volume with age in NRS subjects and age-, gender- and education-matched healthy subjects. Overall, our findings highlight the potential significance of linking the homogeneous symptom dimensions of schizophrenia with dysfunctional connectivity in the fronto-temporal region.

#	Section	Preview
20	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA — Corpus callosal area differences in predominantly positive symptom schizophrenia and its implications for temporal dysfunction	The corpus callosum (CC), being the largest mass of connecting white fibers in the brain has evoked…
21	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA — Corpus callosal area differences in predominantly positive symptom schizophrenia and its implications for temporal dysfunction	We studied the CC area in NRS subjects compared to HS, while controlling for several confounders…
22	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA — Corpus callosal area differences in predominantly positive symptom schizophrenia and its implications for temporal dysfunction	to controls. There was a significant effect of gender (F>M) on the area measures; however, there was…
23	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA — Corpus callosal area differences in predominantly positive symptom schizophrenia and its implications for temporal dysfunction	of disability and better integration into the community than men.[64] The callosal hyperconnection,…
24	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA — A proposal for MRI-based parcellation of the frontal pole	The FP, which largely overlaps with Brodmann's area (BA) 10, is the rostral-most part of the hominid…
25	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA — A proposal for MRI-based parcellation of the frontal pole	The study of the FP therefore is important not only for unraveling the neurobiological substrate of…
26	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA — A proposal for MRI-based parcellation of the frontal pole	We proposed the coronal section containing the anterior termination of the olfactory sulcus (ATOS)…
27	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA — A proposal for MRI-based parcellation of the frontal pole	this structural MRI-based definition was provided by Smith et al.,[83] who, using a task to…
28	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA — Relevance of FP in understanding the neurobiology of fronto-temporal dysfunction in schizophrenia	In a more recent study,[25] we used this landmark-based definition to study the FP gray matter…
29	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA — Relevance of FP in understanding the neurobiology of fronto-temporal dysfunction in schizophrenia	It may be speculated that the FP and whole brain volumetric findings of our study, along with the…
30	CONCLUSIONS	The studies that we have carried out so far provide encouraging links between the homogeneous…
31	CONCLUSIONS	of MPAs. In fact, decreased theta power, presence of MPAs and NSSs along with evidence of…
32	CONCLUSIONS	regarding the aetiopathophysiology of schizophrenia; a comprehensive discussion of these theories…

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