Positive and negative reinforcement are differentially associated with alcohol consumption as a function of alcohol dependence.
paper
Primary
Public
- Authors
- Cho, Seung Bin; Su, Jinni; Kuo, Sally I-Chun; Bucholz, Kathleen K; Chan, Grace; Edenberg, Howard J; McCutcheon, Vivia V; Schuckit, Marc A; Kramer, John R; Dick, Danielle M
- Year
- 2019
- Journal
- Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors
- PMID
- 30667237
- DOI
- 10.1037/adb0000436
- PMCID
- PMC6459181
A multistage model of drug addiction in which individuals' motivations for use change as they develop problems is widely accepted; however, the evidence for this model comes mostly from animal work and cross-sectional studies. We used longitudinal data to test whether positive and negative reinforcement associated with alcohol consumption differed as a function of alcohol dependence (AD). Specifically, we tested whether (a) positive reinforcement is more strongly associated with alcohol consumption than is negative reinforcement among individuals without AD, (b) negative reinforcement is more strongly associated with AD than is positive reinforcement, and (c) in the presence of AD, the association between positive reinforcement and alcohol consumption becomes weaker, whereas the association with negative reinforcement becomes stronger. We included assessments between Ages 18 and 30 years from participants who indicated they ever had a drink (N = 2,556; 51.6% female) from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism Prospective Study. Results from generalized estimating equations indicated that positive, but not negative, reinforcement was associated with alcohol consumption among individuals without AD. Both positive and negative reinforcement were associated with AD, but the association was stronger with negative reinforcement. Results from the multilevel growth model indicated that the association between negative reinforcement and alcohol consumption became stronger with the presence of AD, whereas the association between positive reinforcement and alcohol consumption did not differ as a function of AD. We provide empirical evidence that positive and negative reinforcement are differentially associated with alcohol consumption as a function of AD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Within-person Associations Between Positive and Negative Reinforcement and Alcohol Consumption as a Function of Alcohol DependenceNote. Values on the Y-axis represent parameter estimates for the effects of positive and negative reinforcement on alcohol consumption as a function of alcohol dependence. The error bars show the 95% confidence intervals for the parameter estimates.
β Prev
21β38 of 38
No entities extracted from this document yet.
No uploaded files.
Not in any collection.
| Citation | PMID | DOI | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed, text rev.). Washington, DC: Author. | β | β | β |
| American Psychiatric Association. (1987). DSM-III-R casebook: A learning companion to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, rev, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. | β | β | β |
| AndersonKG, BriggsKE, & WhiteHR (2013). Motives to drink or not to drink: Longitudinal relations among personality, motives, and alcohol use across adolescence and early adulthood. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 37, 860β867.10.1111/acer.12030PMC362089223278843 | β | β | β |
| AnthenienAM, LemboJ, & NeighborsC (2017). Drinking motives and alcohol outcome expectancies as mediators of the association between negative urgency and alcohol consumption. Addictive Behaviors, 66, 101β107.2791422610.1016/j.addbeh.2016.11.009PMC5432120 | β | β | β |
| ArmeliS, DranoffE, TennenH, AustadCS, FallahiCR, RaskinS, WoodR, & PearlsonG (2014). A longitudinal study of the effects of coping motives, negative affect and drinking level on drinking problems among college students. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 27, 527β541.10.1080/10615806.2014.895821PMC411770824552203 | β | β | β |
| BachmanJG, WadsworthKN, OβMalleyPM, JohnstonLD, & SchulenbergJE (2013). Smoking, drinking, and drug use in young adulthood: The impacts of new freedoms and new responsibilities Psychology Press | β | β | β |
| BegleiterH, ReichT, HesselbrockV, PorjeszB, LiT, SchuckitM, EdenbergHJ, & RiceJ (1995). The collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism. Alcohol Health and Research World, 19, 228β228.PMC687576831798102 | β | β | β |
| BerenzEC, ChoSB, OverstreetC, KendlerK, AmstadterAB, & DickDM (2016). Longitudinal investigation of interpersonal trauma exposure and alcohol use trajectories. Addictive Behaviors, 53, 67β73.2645455210.1016/j.addbeh.2015.09.014PMC4699169 | β | β | β |
| BerkingM, MargrafM, EbertD, WuppermanP, HofmannSG, & JunghannsK (2011). Deficits in emotion-regulation skills predict alcohol use during and after cognitiveβbehavioral therapy for alcohol dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 307β318.2153465310.1037/a0023421PMC3109184 | β | β | β |
| BorsariB, MurphyJG, & BarnettNP (2007). Predictors of alcohol use during the first year of college: Implications for prevention. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 2062β2086.1732105910.1016/j.addbeh.2007.01.017PMC2614076 | β | β | β |
| BrownSA, ChristiansenBA, & GoldmanMS (1987). The alcohol expectancy questionnaire: An instrument for the assessment of adolescent and adult alcohol expectancies. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 48, 483β491.366967710.15288/jsa.1987.48.483 | β | β | β |
| BrownSA, GoldmanMS, InnA, & AndersonLR (1980). Expectations of reinforcement from alcohol: Their domain and relation to drinking patterns. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 419β426.740042710.1037//0022-006x.48.4.419 | β | β | β |
| BucholzKK, CadoretR, CloningerCR, DinwiddieSH, HesselbrockVM, NurnbergerJI, ReighT, SchmidtI, & SchuckitMA (1994). A new, semi-structured psychiatric interview for use in genetic linkage studies: A report on the reliability of the SSAGA. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 55, 149β158.10.15288/jsa.1994.55.1498189735 | β | β | β |
| BucholzKK, McCutcheonVV, AgrawalA, DickDM, HesselbrockVM, KramerJR, KupermanS, NurnbergerJI, SalvatoreJE, & SchuckitMA (2017). Comparison of parent, peer, psychiatric, and cannabis use influences across stages of offspring alcohol involvement: Evidence from the COGA prospective study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 41, 359β368.10.1111/acer.13293PMC527277628073157 | β | β | β |
| BujarskiS, & RayLA (2014). Subjective response to alcohol and associated craving in heavy drinkers vs. alcohol dependents: An examination of Koobβs allostatic model in humans. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 140, 161β167.2483758010.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.04.015PMC4169206 | β | β | β |
| BujarskiS, HutchisonKE, PrauseN, & RayLA (2017). Functional significance of subjective response to alcohol across levels of alcohol exposure. Addiction biology, 22, 235β245.2625611410.1111/adb.12293 | β | β | β |
| ChenM, GrubeJW, & MaddenPA (1994). Alcohol expectancies and adolescent drinking: Differential prediction of frequency, quantity, and intoxication. Addictive Behaviors, 19, 521β529.783201010.1016/0306-4603(94)90007-8 | β | β | β |
| CooperML (1994). Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents: Development and validation of a four-factor model. Psychological Assessment, 6, 117β128. | β | β | β |
| CooperML, FroneMR, RussellM, & MudarP (1995). Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: A motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 990β1005.747304310.1037//0022-3514.69.5.990 | β | β | β |
| DickDM, ChoSB, LatendresseSJ, AlievF, NurnbergerJI, EdenbergHJ, HowardJ, SchuckitMA, HesselbrockVM, PorjeszB, & BucholzK. (2014). Genetic influences on alcohol use across stages of development: GABRA2 and longitudinal trajectories of drunkenness from adolescence to young adulthood. Addiction Biology, 19, 1055β1064.2369218410.1111/adb.12066PMC3783626 | β | β | β |
| FeighnerJP, RobinsE, GuzeSB, WoodruffRA, WinokurG, & MunozR (1972). Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26, 57β63.500942810.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750190059011 | β | β | β |
| ForoudT, EdenbergHJ, GoateA, RiceJ, FluryL, KollerDL, β¦ BucholzKK. (2000). Alcoholism susceptibility loci: Confirmation studies in a replicate sample and further mapping. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24, 933β945.10923994 | β | β | β |
| GoldsteinAL, WallA, WekerleC, & KrankM (2013). The impact of perceived reinforcement from alcohol and involvement in leisure activities on adolescent alcohol use. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 22, 340β363. | β | β | β |
| GrantBF, GoldsteinRB, SahaTD, ChouSP, JungJ, ZhangH, PickeringRP, RuanWJ, SmithSM, & HuangB (2015). Epidemiology of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions III. JAMA Psychiatry, 7), 757β766.10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0584PMC524058426039070 | β | β | β |
| GrotmolKS, VaglumP, EkebergO, GudeT, AaslandOG, & TyssenR (2010). Alcohol expectancy and hazardous drinking: A 6-year longitudinal and nationwide study of medical doctors. European Addiction Research, 16, 17β22.1988780510.1159/000253860 | β | β | β |
| HeathAC, MeyerJ, JardineR, & MartinN (1991). The inheritance of alcohol consumption patterns in a general population twin sample: II. determinants of consumption frequency and quantity consumed. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 52, 425β433.194309710.15288/jsa.1991.52.425 | β | β | β |
| JesterJM, SteinbergDB, HeitzegMM, & ZuckerRA (2015). Coping expectancies, not enhancement expectancies, mediate trauma experience effects on problem alcohol use: A prospective study from early childhood to adolescence. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 76, 781β789.2640235910.15288/jsad.2015.76.781PMC4714828 | β | β | β |
| Koob GF (2013). Theoretical frameworks and mechanistic aspects of alcohol addiction: alcohol addiction: alcohol addiction as a reward deficit disorder In: SommerWH and SpanagelR (eds) Behavioral neurobiology of alcohol addiction (series title: Current topics in nehavioral neuroscience, vol 13). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 3β30.10.1007/7854_2011_129PMC344898021744309 | β | β | β |
| KoobGF, & VolkowND (2010). Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 217β238.1971063110.1038/npp.2009.110PMC2805560 | β | β | β |
| KuntscheE, KnibbeR, GmelG, & EngelsR (2005). Why do young people drink? A review of drinking motives. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 841β861.1609578510.1016/j.cpr.2005.06.002 | β | β | β |
| KwakoLE, & KoobGF (2017). Neuroclinical Framework for the Role of Stress in Addiction. Chronic Stress, 1, 1β14. doi: 10.1177/2470547017698140PMC548227528653044 | β | β | β |
| LiJJ, ChoSB, SalvatoreJE, EdenbergHJ, AgrawalA, ChorlianDB, β¦ DickDM. (2017). The impact of peer substance use and polygenic risk on trajectories of heavy episodic drinking across adolescence and emerging adulthood. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 41, 65β75.10.1111/acer.13282PMC520554927991676 | β | β | β |
| MackinnonSP, KehayesIL, ClarkR, SherrySB, & StewartSH (2014). Testing the four-factor model of personality vulnerability to alcohol misuse: A three-wave, one-year longitudinal study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28, 1000β1012.2513405810.1037/a0037244 | β | β | β |
| MannK, RoosCR, HoffmannS, NakovicsH, LemenagerT, HeinzA, & WitkiewitzK (2018). Precision medicine in alcohol dependence: A controlled trial testing pharmacotherapy response among reward and relief drinking phenotypes. Neuropsychopharmacology, 43, 891β899.2915436810.1038/npp.2017.282PMC5809801 | β | β | β |
| MooneyDK, FrommeK, KivlahanDR, & MarlattGA (1987). Correlates of alcohol consumption: Sex, age, and expectancies relate differentially to quantity and frequency. Addictive Behaviors, 12, 235β240.366127610.1016/0306-4603(87)90033-5 | β | β | β |
| MuthΓ©nLK and MuthΓ©nBO (1998β2012). Mplus Userβs Guide. Seventh Edition Los Angeles, CA: Muthen & Muthen | β | β | β |
| OsbergTM, InsanaM, EggertM, & BillingsleyK (2011). Incremental validity of college alcohol beliefs in the prediction of freshman drinking and its consequences: A prospective study. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 333β340.2119608210.1016/j.addbeh.2010.12.004 | β | β | β |
| ReichT, EdenbergHJ, GoateA, WilliamsJT, RiceJP, Van EerdeweghP, ForoudT, SchuckitMA, &BucholzK. (1998). Genome-wide search for genes affecting the risk for alcohol dependence. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 81, 207β215.9603606 | β | β | β |
| RoosCR, MannK, & WitkiewitzK (2017). Reward and relief dimensions of temptation to drink: Construct validity and role in predicting differential benefit from acamprosate and naltrexone. Addiction biology, 22, 1528β1539.2748044510.1111/adb.12427PMC5290305 | β | β | β |
| SAMHSA (2016). Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. | β | β | β |
| WatkinsLE, FranzMR, DiLilloD, GratzKL, & Messman-MooreTL (2015). Does drinking to cope explain links between emotion-driven impulse control difficulties and hazardous drinking? A longitudinal test. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29, 875β884.2650233410.1037/adb0000127PMC4768461 | β | β | β |
| WhiteAM, KrausCL, & SwartzwelderHS (2006). Many college freshmen drink at levels far beyond the binge threshold. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 30, 1006β1010.10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00122.x16737459 | β | β | β |
| WhiteHR, McMorrisBJ, CatalanoRF, FlemingCB, HaggertyKP, & AbbottRD (2006) . Increases in alcohol and marijuana use during the transition out of high school into emerging adulthood: The effects of leaving home, going to college, and high school protective factors. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67, 810β822.1706099710.15288/jsa.2006.67.810PMC2314672 | β | β | β |
No papers in this knowledge base cite this source.
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Affect, Motives for Cannabis Use, Duration of Intoxication, and Cannabis Consequences: Cannabis Use Problem Severity as a Potential Moderator. | Dyar C et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Association of stress-sensitive mid-insula activity with alcohol drinking and negative affect-like behavior during abstinence in mice. | Williams BM et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Daily Sexual Objectification As a Proximal Risk Factor for Craving and Alcohol Use After Sexual Assault: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. | Brockdorf AN et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Mechanisms explaining links between early-episode alcohol craving and subsequent drinking during naturally occurring drinking episodes. | Waddell JT et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Perceptions of negative reinforcement in the natural environment: Characterizing subjective alcohol- and cannabis-contingent relief. | Wycoff AM et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Sexual Identity Uncertainty and Risk of Alcohol Use Disorder: The Roles of Tension Reduction Beliefs and Coping Motives. | Wantje M et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Alcohol use among populations with autism spectrum disorder: narrative systematic review. | Barber W et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| A model of ethanol self-administration in head-fixed mice. | Ward AL et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Difficulties with positive, but not negative, emotion regulation moderate the association between positive alcohol expectancies and alcohol use in college students. | Shircliff K et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Event-level contextual and motivational risk factors for cannabis use: Evidence for differing associations based on individual-level patterns of cannabis use among sexual minority women and gender diverse individuals. | Dyar C et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Influence of positive consequences on subsequent incentive ratings and drinking quantity. | Howe LK et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Influence of real-world cue exposure and mood states on drinking: testing neurobiological models of alcohol use disorder. | Meredith LR et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Operant ethanol self-administration behaviors do not predict sex differences in continuous access home cage drinking. | Yoon HJ et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Prospective examination of how alcohol consumption might drive changes in urgency and drinking motives over the first year of college. | Prestigiacomo CJ et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Shapers at Odds: Isolation, Synthesis, and Resulting Division in the Assessment and Treatment of Problem Behavior. | Fahmie TA et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Species differences in comorbid alcohol use disorder and major depressive disorder: A narrative review. | Winkler GA et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Thinking when I'm drinking: The interaction of mood and rumination across drinking and non-drinking days. | Magri TD et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Women's alcohol use in mid-life: Identifying associations between menopause symptoms, drinking behaviour, and mental health. | Davies EL et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| A model of ethanol self-administration in head-fixed mice | Ward AL et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Behavioral activation for veterans with co-occurring alcohol use disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: Basis and methodology for a pilot randomized controlled trial. | Blakey SM et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Impact of provoked stress on model-free and model-based reinforcement learning in individuals with alcohol use disorder. | Wyckmans F et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Longitudinal tracking of alcohol expectancies and their associations with impulsivity in alcohol naΓ―ve youth in the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study. | Adams F et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Satisfaction with a digital support tool targeting alcohol consumption: perspectives from participants in a randomized control trial. | Collier ES et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| The influence of drug class on reward in substance use disorders. | Jones JD et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Within-episode relations among simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use and continued drinking: The role of momentary subjective responses, craving, and drinking context. | Waddell JT et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Ξ²-Endorphin influences sedative and ataxic effects of alcohol. | Stea SG et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Cannabis use in context: Relations among impulsive personality traits, context, and cannabis problems. | Waddell JT et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Chronic MAP4343 reverses escalated alcohol drinking in a mouse model of alcohol use disorder. | Macedo GC et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Cluster-b personality disorder traits and impulsivity: Indirect associations with alcohol use severity through positive alcohol expectancies. | Guillot CR et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Disaggregating within- and between-person effects of affect on drinking behavior in a clinical sample with alcohol use disorder. | Walsh BE et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Disentangling between- and within-person alcohol and expectancy effects on acute alcohol craving. | Waddell JT et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Drinking Motives, Alcohol Misuse, and Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathology across College: A Cross-Lagged Panel Study. | Savage JE et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Event-level positive and negative reinforcement risk factors for alcohol use: Moderation by individual-level alcohol consequences and post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity. | Dyar C et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| In natura heart rate variability predicts subsequent alcohol use in individuals in early recovery from alcohol use disorder. | Eddie D et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Interoception, alexithymia, and anxiety among individuals with alcohol use disorder. | WiΕniewski P et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Patients' perceptions of the mechanisms underlying alcohol use problems after bariatric surgery: A qualitative systematic review. | Er E et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Sexual minority stress and substance use: An investigation of when and under what circumstances minority stress predicts alcohol and cannabis use at the event-level. | Dyar C et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| The collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism: Sample and clinical data. | Dick DM et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| The Detection of Acute Risk of Self-injury Project: Protocol for an Ecological Momentary Assessment Study Among Individuals Seeking Treatment. | Kiekens G et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Unveiling the influence of daily dietary patterns on brain cortical structure: insights from bidirectional Mendelian randomization. | Li C et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Amplification of Positivity Therapy for Co-occurring Alcohol Use Disorder with Depression and Anxiety Symptoms: Pilot Feasibility Study and Case Series. | Akeman E et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| An experimental investigation of the affect regulating properties of sugar consumption: Examining the roles of socially-oriented positive and negative affect. | Tull MT et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Behavioral consequences of the downstream products of ethanol metabolism involved in alcohol use disorder. | Holbrook OT et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Co-use of medication and alcohol: The influence on subjective effects of intoxication and affect. | Helle AC et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Ethanol withdrawal-induced adaptations in prefrontal corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1-expressing neurons regulate anxiety and conditioned rewarding effects of ethanol. | Patel RR et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Linking Depression with Negative Alcohol-Related Consequences: A Structural Equation Model Among a Clinically Depressed Population. | Gawron L et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Predictors of Gaming Disorder or Protective from It, in a French Sample: A Symptomatic Approach to Self-Regulation and Pursued Rewards, Providing Insights for Clinical Practice. | Achab S et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Towards an affect intensity regulation hypothesis: Systematic review and meta-analyses of the relationship between affective states and alcohol consumption. | Tovmasyan A et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Understanding Hyperkatifeia to Inform Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder: An Assessment of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Research Portfolio. | Patterson JT et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Cues conditioned to withdrawal and negative reinforcement: Neglected but key motivational elements driving opioid addiction. | Pantazis CB et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Gaming to relieve tension or anxiety and associations with health functioning, substance use and physical violence in high school students. | Garakani A et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Habitual versus affective motivations in obsessive-compulsive disorder and alcohol use disorder. | Ferreira GM et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Racial discrimination, depressive symptoms, ethnic-racial identity, and alcohol use among Black American college students. | Su J et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Real-time reports of drinking to cope: Associations with subjective relief from alcohol and changes in negative affect. | Wycoff AM et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Review of Changes in the Reinforcing Effects of Alcohol in Weight Loss Surgery Patients. | Engel SG et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Targeting diacylglycerol lipase reduces alcohol consumption in preclinical models. | Winters ND et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| The Etiologic, Theory-Based, Ontogenetic Hierarchical Framework of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Translational Systematic Review of Reviews. | Boness CL et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Therapeutic potential of ketamine for alcohol use disorder. | Worrell SD et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Understanding the Progression from Early Alcohol Use Experimentation to Alcohol Use Disorder: Testing Vulnerability by Experience Interactions Using a Two-Part Latent Growth Curve Model. | Scalco MD et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Unplanned vs. planned drinking: Event-level influences of drinking motives and affect. | Stevens AK et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Addiction as a Coping Response: Hyperkatifeia, Deaths of Despair, and COVID-19. | Koob GF et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Adolescent Ethanol Exposure: Anxiety-Like Behavioral Alterations, Ethanol Intake, and Sensitivity. | Towner TT et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Contribution of alcohol- and cigarette-related cues to concurrent reinforcer choice in humans. | Strickland JC et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Daily Patterns of Emotional Functioning on Drinking and Nondrinking Days. | De Leon AN et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Drinking Motives as Moderators of In-the-Moment Drinking Risks in Response to Trauma-Related Distress. | Zaso MJ et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Drinking motives moderate daily-life associations between affect and alcohol use in individuals with borderline personality disorder. | Wycoff AM et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| I drink alone: Mechanisms of risk for alcohol problems in solitary drinkers. | Corbin WR et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Mechanisms of Alcohol Addiction: Bridging Human and Animal Studies. | Kramer J et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Probing the Manipulated Neurochemical Drive in Alcohol Addiction and Novel Therapeutic Advancements. | Chouhan D et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Toward a unifying theory of dysregulated behaviors. | Bresin K | β | 2020 | β |
| Validation of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale in Lithuanian population. | Kaminskaite M et al. | β | 2020 | β |