Less drinking, yet more problems: understanding African American drinking and related problems.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Zapolski, Tamika C B; Pedersen, Sarah L; McCarthy, Denis M; Smith, Gregory T
- Year
- 2014
- Journal
- Psychological bulletin
- PMID
- 23477449
- DOI
- 10.1037/a0032113
- PMCID
- PMC3758406
Researchers have found that, compared to European Americans, African Americans report later initiation of drinking, lower rates of use, and lower levels of use across almost all age groups. Nevertheless, African Americans also have higher levels of alcohol problems than European Americans. After reviewing current data regarding these trends, we provide a theory to understand this apparent paradox as well as to understand variability in risk among African Americans. Certain factors appear to operate as both protective factors against heavy use and risk factors for negative consequences from use. For example, African American culture is characterized by norms against heavy alcohol use or intoxication, which protects against heavy use but also provides within-group social disapproval when use does occur. African Americans are more likely to encounter legal problems from drinking than European Americans, even at the same levels of consumption, perhaps thus resulting in reduced consumption but more problems from consumption. There appears to be one particular group of African Americans, low-income African American men, who are at the highest risk for alcoholism and related problems. We theorize that this effect is due to the complex interaction of residential discrimination, racism, age of drinking, and lack of available standard life reinforcers (e.g., stable employment and financial stability). Further empirical research will be needed to test our theories and otherwise move this important field forward. A focus on within-group variation in drinking patterns and problems is necessary. We suggest several new avenues of inquiry.
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| 80 | Explaining Individual Differences in Risk among African Americans — Demographic Variables — Age, sex, and drinking trajectories | The developmental trajectory for drinking among African American men has been shown to differ… |
| 81 | Explaining Individual Differences in Risk among African Americans — Demographic Variables — Age, sex, and drinking trajectories | To the degree that those African American men who are drinking heavily during their mid-20s continue… |
| 82 | Explaining Individual Differences in Risk among African Americans — Summary | Among African Americans, there are two subgroups that have consistently shown higher rates of heavy… |
| 83 | Theory of Heightened Risk of Drinking and Problems among Low-Income African American Men | We next present our theoretical explanation for why (a) African American men are at higher risk for… |
| 84 | Theory of Heightened Risk of Drinking and Problems among Low-Income African American Men | We argue that a series of societal changes over the last century resulted in the emergence of a… |
| 85 | Theory of Heightened Risk of Drinking and Problems among Low-Income African American Men — Historical Perspective | A series of social and economic events across the 20th century led to the emergence of a class of… |
| 86 | Theory of Heightened Risk of Drinking and Problems among Low-Income African American Men — Historical Perspective | least desirable residential areas (Cell, 1982; Fix & Struyk, 1993), thus leading to physical… |
| 87 | Theory of Heightened Risk of Drinking and Problems among Low-Income African American Men — Historical Perspective | Moreover, the residential structure of inner-city communities was vastly different based on race:… |
| 88 | Theory of Heightened Risk of Drinking and Problems among Low-Income African American Men — Historical Perspective | Artifacts of the residential segregation that occurred beginning in the early 1900s are still… |
| 89 | Theory of Heightened Risk of Drinking and Problems among Low-Income African American Men — Historical Perspective | In sum, African Americans have experienced dramatically different circumstances in relation to… |
| 90 | Theory of Heightened Risk of Drinking and Problems among Low-Income African American Men — Access to Standard Life Reinforcers | Standard life reinforcers (SLRs) have been defined as “a basic set of rewarding circumstances or… |
| 91 | Theory of Heightened Risk of Drinking and Problems among Low-Income African American Men — Access to Standard Life Reinforcers | access to alcohol and (b) access to and costs of alternative reinforcers (Vuchinich & Tucker, 1988).… |
| 92 | Theory of Heightened Risk of Drinking and Problems among Low-Income African American Men — Access to Standard Life Reinforcers | We believe that this behavioral choice perspective sheds light on the high level of problem drinking… |
| 93 | Theory of Heightened Risk of Drinking and Problems among Low-Income African American Men — Access to Standard Life Reinforcers | to them (e.g., there is no job to lose due to drunkenness). There is reduced disincentive to drink… |
| 94 | Theory of Heightened Risk of Drinking and Problems among Low-Income African American Men — Access to Standard Life Reinforcers — African American men versus African American women | As we noted above, African American women are less likely to consume alcohol than African American… |
| 95 | Theory of Heightened Risk of Drinking and Problems among Low-Income African American Men — Access to Standard Life Reinforcers — African American men versus African American women | to effectively care for one’s children. Third, because African American communities typically have… |
| 96 | Theory of Heightened Risk of Drinking and Problems among Low-Income African American Men — Access to Standard Life Reinforcers — African American men versus African American women | In addition, because African American women are more likely to care for dependents, they have more… |
| 97 | Theory of Heightened Risk of Drinking and Problems among Low-Income African American Men — Access to Standard Life Reinforcers — African American men versus African American women | TANF requirements state that “failure to participate in work requirements can result in reduction… |
| 98 | Theory of Heightened Risk of Drinking and Problems among Low-Income African American Men — Access to Standard Life Reinforcers — African American men versus European American men | Compared to European Americans, the rates of unemployment and poverty are higher among African… |
| 99 | Theory of Heightened Risk of Drinking and Problems among Low-Income African American Men — Access to Standard Life Reinforcers — African American men versus European American men | European American men have a better chance of employment, even at similarly low income and… |
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| Editorial: Health equity in substance use disorder treatment. | Montgomery L et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Exploring how Family and Neighborhood Stressors Influence Genetic Risk for Adolescent Conduct Problems and Alcohol Use. | Bares CB et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| From working on recovery to working in recovery: Employment status among a nationally representative U.S. sample of individuals who have resolved a significant alcohol or other drug problem. | Eddie D et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Identifying Competing Life Reinforcers for Substance Use in First Nation Adolescents. | Spillane NS et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| "I missed open arms": The Need for Connectedness among Black Youth Affected by Parental Drug Use. | Offiong A et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Integrating Behavioral Economic and Social Network Influences in Understanding Alcohol Misuse in a Diverse Sample of Emerging Adults. | Acuff SF et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Perceptions of Alcohol Risk Among HIV/Hepatitis C Coinfected Patients. | Kim HN et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Psychological pathway from racial discrimination to the physical consequences of alcohol consumption: Religious coping as a protective factor. | Lee DB et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Racial differences in alcohol and tobacco use in adolescence and mid-adulthood in a community-based sample. | Pamplin JR et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Racial Discrimination, Protective Parenting, and Binge Drinking Among Emerging Adult Black Men. | Kogan SM et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Racial/ethnic differences in the time-varying association between alcohol expectancies and drinking during the transition from childhood to adolescence. | Banks DE et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Risk and Protective Factors for Problematic Drinking in Early Adolescence: A Systematic Approach. | Isaksson J et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Sleep and circadian risk factors for alcohol problems: a brief overview and proposed mechanisms. | Hasler BP et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Stress and cancer-related lifestyle factors among African American heterosexual couples. | Cho D et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Substance Use Outcomes for Hispanic Emerging Adults Exposed to Incarceration of a Household Member during Childhood. | Grigsby TJ et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The relationships between emerging adult transition themes, adverse childhood experiences, and substance use patterns among a community cohort of Hispanics. | Forster M et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| What explains the concentration of off-premise alcohol outlets in Black neighborhoods? | Lee JP et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Why now? Examining antecedents for substance use initiation among African American adolescents. | Zapolski TCB et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Adherence to American Cancer Society and American Institute of Cancer Research dietary guidelines in overweight African American breast cancer survivors. | Springfield S et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Cultural socialization and alcohol use: The mediating role of alcohol expectancies among racial/ethnic minority youth. | Zapolski TCB et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Differences in pituitary-adrenal reactivity in Black and White men with and without alcohol use disorder. | Price JL et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Differential item functioning analysis of the CUDIT and relations with alcohol and tobacco use among men across five ethnic groups: The HELIUS study. | Miller AP et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Ethnic identity and substance use in multiracial youth: the moderating role of support networks. | Fisher S et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Evaluating Neighborhood, Social, and Genetic Influences on Precursors of Alcohol Use Risk Behavior in African American Adolescents. | Compton KS et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Examination of the indirect effect of alcohol expectancies on ethnic identity and adolescent drinking outcomes. | Banks DE et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Family-centered alcohol use prevention for African American adolescents: A randomized clinical trial. | Kogan SM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Higher Peripheral Inflammatory Signaling Associated With Lower Resting-State Functional Brain Connectivity in Emotion Regulation and Central Executive Networks. | Nusslock R et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| How do we assess a racial disparity in health? Distribution, interaction, and interpretation in epidemiological studies. | Ward JB et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Intergenerational continuity in alcohol misuse: Maternal alcohol use disorder and the sequelae of maternal and family functioning. | Johnson AK et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| In-the-Moment Drinking Characteristics: An Examination Across Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder History and Race. | McKone KMP et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Person-Environment Fit, Substance Use Attitudes, and Early Adolescent Substance Use. | Fisher S et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Posttraumatic Symptomatology and Alcohol Misuse Among Black College Students: Examining the Influence of Anxiety Sensitivity. | Haas AR et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Preliminary Evidence That Real World Sleep Timing and Duration are Associated With Laboratory-Assessed Alcohol Response. | Hasler BP et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Preventive parenting intervention during childhood and young black adults' unhealthful behaviors: a randomized controlled trial. | Brody GH et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Psychosocial moderation of polygenic risk for cannabis involvement: the role of trauma exposure and frequency of religious service attendance. | Meyers JL et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Puff, puff, drink: The association between blunt and alcohol use among African American adolescents and young adults. | Montgomery L et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Racial discrimination and alcohol use and negative drinking consequences among Black Americans: a meta-analytical review. | Desalu JM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Racial discrimination, binge drinking, and negative drinking consequences among black college students: serial mediation by depressive symptoms and coping motives. | Desalu JM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Racial/ethnic differences in 12-month prevalence and persistence of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders: Variation by nativity and socioeconomic status. | Vilsaint CL et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Refining Psychological, Substance Use, and Sociodemographic Predictors of Suicide Ideation and Attempts in a National Multiethnic Sample of Adults, 2008-2013. | Cheref S et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Sexual orientation disparities in mental health and substance use among Black American young people in the USA: effects of cyber and bias-based victimisation. | Mereish EH et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Shared additive genetic variation for alcohol dependence among subjects of African and European ancestry. | Brick LA et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Temporal Dynamics of Transdermal Alcohol Concentration Measured via New-Generation Wrist-Worn Biosensor. | Fairbairn CE et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The association between racial and socioeconomic discrimination and two stages of alcohol use in blacks. | Haeny AM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The chippers, the quitters, and the highly symptomatic: A 12-month longitudinal study of DSM-5 opioid- and cocaine-use problems in a community sample. | Stull SW et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The cost of minority stress: Risky alcohol use and coping-motivated drinking behavior in African American college students. | Pittman DM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The Efficacy of an Event-Specific, Text Message, Personalized Drinking Feedback Intervention. | Cadigan JM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| U.S. alcohol treatment admissions after the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act: Do state parity laws and race/ethnicity make a difference? | Mulia N et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| African American emerging adults' experiences with racial discrimination and drinking habits: The moderating roles of perceived stress. | Metzger IW et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| A Randomized Trial of a Personalized Feedback Intervention for Nonstudent Emerging Adult At-Risk Drinkers. | Lau-Barraco C et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| A Review of Hip Hop-Based Interventions for Health Literacy, Health Behaviors, and Mental Health. | Robinson C et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Assessment of culture and environment in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study: Rationale, description of measures, and early data. | Zucker RA et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Changing Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Heavy Drinking Trajectories Through Young Adulthood: A Comparative Cohort Study. | Williams E et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Childhood interpersonal violence and adult alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco use disorders: variation by race/ethnicity? | Meyers JL et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Childhood Trauma and Two Stages of Alcohol Use in African American and European American Women: Findings from a Female Twin Sample. | Sartor CE et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Do Parent-Adolescent Discrepancies Predict Deviant Peer Affiliation and Subsequent Substance Use? | Kliewer W et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Elevated inflammation in association with alcohol abuse among Blacks but not Whites: results from the MIDUS biomarker study. | Ransome Y et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Group Psychotherapy in Specialty Clinics for Substance Use Disorder Treatment:The Challenge of Ethnoracially Diverse Clients. | Wendt DC et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Longitudinal Associations Between Alcohol-Related Cognitions and Use in African American and European American Adolescent Girls. | Foster DW et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Oxytocin receptor gene methylation and substance use problems among young African American men. | Kogan SM et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Protective Factors as an Explanation for the "Paradox" of Black-White Differences in Heavy Drinking. | Mulia N et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Race and socioeconomic status in substance use progression and treatment entry. | Lewis B et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Racial/ethnic differences in life-course heavy drinking from adolescence to midlife. | Mulia N et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Racial/Ethnic Differences in Prevalence and Correlates of Blunt Smoking among Adolescents. | Montgomery L et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Racial/ethnic differences in the association between alcohol use and mortality among men living with HIV. | Bensley KM et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Relationship of Religiosity and Spirituality to Hazardous Drinking, Drug Use, and Depression Among Sexual Minority Women. | Drabble L et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Ten-Year Trend in Women's Reasons for Abstaining or Limiting Drinking: The 2000 and 2010 United States National Alcohol Surveys. | Karriker-Jaffe KJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| The crossover effect: A review of racial/ethnic variations in risk for substance use and substance use disorder across development. | Banks DE et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| The effect of laboratory manipulations of negative affect on alcohol craving and use: A meta-analysis. | Bresin K et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| The Effects of Mothers' Protective Parenting and Alcohol Use on Emerging Adults' Alcohol Use: Testing Indirect Effects Through Prototype Favorability Among African American Youth. | Cleveland MJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| The Future of Research on Alcohol-Related Disparities Across U.S. Racial/Ethnic Groups: A Plan of Attack. | Zemore SE et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| The Relationship between Alcohol Drinking Patterns and Sleep Duration among Black and White Men and Women in the United States. | Jackson CL et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Trajectories of Racial Discrimination that Predict Problematic Alcohol Use among African American Emerging Adults. | Lee DB et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Trajectory classes of cannabis use and heavy drinking among rural African American adolescents: multi-level predictors of class membership. | Barton AW et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Adverse childhood experiences, mental health, and excessive alcohol use: Examination of race/ethnicity and sex differences. | Lee RD et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| A GABRA2 polymorphism improves a model for prediction of drinking initiation. | Kuperman S et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| An endophenotype approach to the genetics of alcohol dependence: a genome wide association study of fast beta EEG in families of African ancestry. | Meyers JL et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Commentary: Perspectives on alcohol-related gene and environment interplay in diverse populations. | Scott MS | — | 2017 | → |
| Does a Crossover Age Effect Exist for African American and Hispanic Binge Drinkers? Findings from the 2010 to 2013 National Study on Drug Use and Health. | Zapolski TCB et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Drinking Patterns and HIV Risk Behaviors Among Black and Latino Men Who Have Sex Within Los Angeles County. | Washington TA et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Examining the Protective Effect of Ethnic Identity on Drug Attitudes and Use Among a Diverse Youth Population. | Zapolski TCB et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Food-alcohol competition: As young females eat more food, do they drink less alcohol? | Cummings JR et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Past racial discrimination exacerbates the effects of racial exclusion on negative affect, perceived control, and alcohol-risk cognitions among Black young adults. | Stock ML et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Pathways linking marijuana use to substance use problems among emerging adults: A prospective analysis of young Black men. | Kogan SM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Prevalence of 12-Month Alcohol Use, High-Risk Drinking, and DSM-IV Alcohol Use Disorder in the United States, 2001-2002 to 2012-2013: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. | Grant BF et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Racial Disparities in the Association between Alcohol Use Disorders and Health in Black and White Women. | Ransome Y et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Racial/ethnic differences in 30-year trajectories of heavy drinking in a nationally representative U.S. sample. | Mulia N et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Racial/ethnic differences in initiation of and engagement with addictions treatment among patients with alcohol use disorders in the veterans health administration. | Bensley KM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Religiosity, race/ethnicity, and alcohol use behaviors in the United States. | Meyers JL et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Review: Environmental influences on alcohol use: Informing research on the joint effects of genes and the environment in diverse U.S. populations. | Chartier KG et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The association between alcohol abuse and neuroendocrine system dysregulation: Race differences in a National sample. | Ransome Y et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The influence of substance use on depressive symptoms among young adult black men: The sensitizing effect of early adversity. | Kogan SM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The role of anxiety sensitivity in the relation between anxious arousal and cannabis and alcohol use problems among low-income inner city racial/ethnic minorities. | Paulus DJ et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| What Did You Expect?: The Interaction Between Cigarette and Blunt vs. Non-Blunt Marijuana Use among African American Young Adults. | Montgomery L et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Decreasing Substance use Risk among African American Youth: Parent-based Mechanisms of Change. | Beach SR et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Demographic Predictors of Event-Level Associations between Alcohol Consumption and Sexual Behavior. | Wells BE et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Integrating affect and impulsivity: The role of positive and negative urgency in substance use risk. | Smith GT et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Neighborhood Context and Binge Drinking by Race and Ethnicity in New York City. | Chauhan P et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Poor, persecuted, young, and alone: Toward explaining the elevated risk of alcohol problems among Black and Latino men who drink. | Zemore SE et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Progression from First Drink, First Intoxication, and Regular Drinking to Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison of African American and European American Youth. | Sartor CE et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Relationship of Usual Volume and Heavy Consumption to Risk of Alcohol-Related Injury: Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Four U.S. National Alcohol Surveys. | Cherpitel CJ et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Risk and Protective Processes Predicting Rural African American Young Men's Substance Abuse. | Cho J et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Selected State Policies and Associations With Alcohol Use Behaviors and Risky Driving Behaviors Among Youth: Findings from Monitoring the Future Study. | Cavazos-Rehg PA et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Substance use among persons with homeless experience in primary care. | Stringfellow EJ et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes. | Williams IL | — | 2016 | → |
| The Role of Religious Involvement in Black-White Differences in Alcohol Use Disorders. | Ransome Y et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Viral challenge reveals further evidence of skin-deep resilience in African Americans from disadvantaged backgrounds. | Miller GE et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Workplace Discrimination Is Associated With Alcohol Abuse Among Ethnically Diverse Hospital Staff. | Thrasher AD et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Association of exposure to neighborhood drug activity, neurobehavioral traits, and marijuana use among at-risk African American females. | Campbell LF et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Drinking behaviors and life course socioeconomic status during the transition from adolescence to adulthood among Whites and Blacks. | Lui CK et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Male, But Not Female, Alcohol-Dependent African Americans Discount Delayed Gains More Steeply than Propensity-Score Matched Controls. | Myerson J et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Racial Differences in the Transactional Relationship Between Depression and Alcohol Use From Elementary School to Middle School. | Birkley EL et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Racial/ethnic differences in use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana: is there a cross-over from adolescence to adulthood? | Keyes KM et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Risk of Injury Related to the Frequency of Heavy Drinking Occasions. | Kerr WC et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Social network and census tract-level influences on substance use among emerging adult males: An activity spaces approach. | Gibson C et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Young adolescents' perceived activity space risk, peer networks, and substance use. | Mason M et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Racial/ethnic disparities in alcohol-related problems: differences by gender and level of heavy drinking. | Witbrodt J et al. | — | 2014 | → |