The future of genetics in psychology and psychiatry: microarrays, genome-wide association, and non-coding RNA.
- Authors
- Plomin, Robert; Davis, Oliver S P
- Year
- 2009
- Journal
- Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines
- PMID
- 19220590
- DOI
- 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01978.x
- PMCID
- PMC2898937
BACKGROUND: Much of what we thought we knew about genetics needs to be modified in light of recent discoveries. What are the implications of these advances for identifying genes responsible for the high heritability of many behavioural disorders and dimensions in childhood? METHODS: Although quantitative genetics such as twin studies will continue to yield important findings, nothing will advance the field as much as identifying the specific genes responsible for heritability. Advances in molecular genetics have been driven by technology, especially DNA microarrays the size of a postage stamp that can genotype a million DNA markers simultaneously. DNA microarrays have led to a dramatic shift in research towards genome-wide association (GWA) studies. The ultimate goal of GWA is to sequence each individual's entire genome, which has begun to happen. RESULTS: GWA studies suggest that for most complex traits and common disorders genetic effects are much smaller than previously considered: The largest effects account for only 1% of the variance of quantitative traits. This finding implies that hundreds of genes are responsible for the heritability of behavioural problems in childhood, and that it will be difficult to identify reliably these genes of small effect. Another discovery with far-reaching implications for future genetic research is the importance of non-coding RNA (DNA transcribed into RNA but not translated into amino acid sequences), which redefines what the word gene means. Non-coding RNA underlines the need for a genome-wide approach that is not limited to the 2% of DNA responsible for specifying the amino acid sequences of proteins. CONCLUSIONS: The only safe prediction is that the fast pace of genetic discoveries will continue and will increasingly affect research in child psychology and psychiatry. DNA microarrays will make it possible to use hundreds of genes to predict genetic risk and to use these sets of genes in top-down behavioural genomic research that explores developmental change and continuity, multivariate heterogeneity and co-morbidity, and gene-environment interaction and correlation. A crucial question is whether the prediction of genetic risk will be sufficiently robust to translate into genetically based diagnoses, personalized treatments, and prevention programmes.
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| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 1000 Genomes Project | cohort |
| ADHD | phenotype |
| age-related macular degeneration | phenotype |
| Air local | gene |
| animal models | cohort |
| anxiety | phenotype |
| apoE | gene |
| APOE ε4 | gene |
| behavioral disorders | phenotype |
| behaviour | phenotype |
| behavioural differences local | phenotype |
| behavioural dimensions local | phenotype |
| behavioural disorder local | phenotype |
| behavioural engineering local | drug |
| bipolar disorder | phenotype |
| body mass index | phenotype |
| brain | anatomy |
| brain morphogenesis local | phenotype |
| brain tissue | anatomy |
| CFH | gene |
| CFH risk allele local | variant |
| child psychology local | phenotype |
| CNV | variant |
| coding DNA local | drug |
| cognitive ability | phenotype |
| common variants | cohort |
| complex traits | phenotype |
| copy number variation | variant |
| deletion | variant |
| depression | phenotype |
| disorder | phenotype |
| DNA | drug |
| DNA chip local | drug |
| DNA marker local | variant |
| duplication | variant |
| emotional and behavioral problems | phenotype |
| environmental engineering local | drug |
| Externalising disorders | phenotype |
| Fluorescently labelled DNA local | drug |
| fragile X syndrome | phenotype |
| FTO | gene |
| FTO common variant | variant |
| gene expression | phenotype |
| genes | gene |
| gene therapy local | drug |
| genetic engineering local | drug |
| genetic risk | cohort |
| Genome local | drug |
| glioma | phenotype |
| heritability | phenotype |
| human genome | cohort |
| hyperactivity symptom scores local | phenotype |
| IL23A local | gene |
| IL23 SNPs local | variant |
| inflammatory bowel disease | phenotype |
| Internalising disorders | phenotype |
| late-onset Alzheimer’s disease | phenotype |
| learning and memory | phenotype |
| learning disabilities | phenotype |
| longitudinally stable phenotypes local | phenotype |
| microarray | drug |
| microRNA | drug |
| monogenic disorders local | phenotype |
| Monogenic Disorders local | phenotype |
| mRNA | drug |
| mutations | variant |
| ncRNA | drug |
| ncRNA local | gene |
| ncRNA genes local | gene |
| nervous system development | phenotype |
| neurodegenerative disorders | phenotype |
| neuronal cell fate local | phenotype |
| neuronal differentiation | phenotype |
| non-coding RNA | drug |
| obesity | phenotype |
| personalized medicine | phenotype |
| piRNA | drug |
| Polyglutamine expansion diseases local | phenotype |
| Prader-Willi syndrome | phenotype |
| Probe local | drug |
| protein-coding gene | gene |
| psychiatric disorders | phenotype |
| psychopathology | phenotype |
| rare CNV | variant |
| rare polymorphism local | variant |
| rare single-gene disorders local | phenotype |
| rasiRNA local | drug |
| reading local | phenotype |
| reading disability local | phenotype |
| RNA | drug |
| RNA transcripts local | drug |
| rRNA | drug |
| simple-sequence repeat polymorphism local | variant |
| single-gene disorders local | phenotype |
| single-nucleotide polymorphism | variant |
| SLITRK1 | gene |
| snoRNA local | drug |
| SNP | cohort |
| snRNA local | drug |
| species complexity local | phenotype |
| Spinocerebellar ataxia local | phenotype |
| structural variant | cohort |
| Tourette’s syndrome | phenotype |
| traditional genes local | gene |
| trait | phenotype |
| transcriptome | drug |
| tRNA local | drug |
| Wellcome Trust case control consortium | cohort |
| WTCCC | cohort |
| XIST | gene |
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