Reduced left executive control network functional connectivity is associated with alcohol use disorders.
- Authors
- Weiland, Barbara J; Sabbineni, Amithrupa; Calhoun, Vince D; Welsh, Robert C; Bryan, Angela D; Jung, Rex E; Mayer, Andrew R; Hutchison, Kent E
- Year
- 2014
- Journal
- Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research
- PMID
- 25257293
- DOI
- 10.1111/acer.12505
- PMCID
- PMC4180110
BACKGROUND: Altered functional connectivity in critical networks has been associated with chronic alcohol abuse. In turn, changes in connectivity in executive control networks (ECNs) may undermine the ability to control alcohol consumption. It was hypothesized that network connectivity would be reduced in individuals with problematic alcohol use (ALC) compared with controls and that diminished network connectivity would be associated with greater failure to control drinking. METHODS: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was analyzed to identify 14 previously identified intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) using a priori regions of interest in cases ranging from binge drinkers to those with severe alcohol use disorder, as well as control subjects. Analyses tested for differences in network connectivity strength between 255 ALC cases and 87 age- and gender-matched controls. Further, structural equation analysis, using 383 ALC cases, tested whether functional connectivity strength mediated the relationship between years of regular drinking and alcohol problems. RESULTS: The age- and gender-matched analysis showed that ALC had significantly lower network connectivity strength than controls in the left executive control (LECN), basal ganglia, and primary visual networks. For all ALC, LECN connectivity strength is negatively correlated with failed control and alcohol disorder severity. Edges connecting parietal regions with dorsolateral prefrontal, middle frontal, and temporal regions within the LECN drove these relationships. A positive association between years of drinking and severity of alcohol problems was mediated by reduced ECN connectivity. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports relationships between network strength and problematic alcohol use, suggesting that chronic drinking negatively impacts brain connectivity, specifically in the LECN. Altered functional connectivity, related to chronic alcohol abuse, may contribute to the etiology of alcohol dependence and relapse.
Fourteen Intrinsic Connectivity NetworksThe ICNs are comprised of 90 distinct ROIs or nodes encompassing the majority of the cortical and subcortical gray matter that were downloaded from Stanford’s FIND Lab (Shirer 2012) and include: auditory; primary and higher visual; language; sensorimotor; anterior and posterior salience; basal ganglia; dorsal, ventral and precuneus default mode; and bilateral executive control systems.
Model of Network Connectivity as a MediatorA significant mediation of the effect of years drinking on disorder severity through network connectivity was found (z = −3.07, p<0.01). Notes: LECN=left executive control network, RECN=right executive control network, AS=anterior salience network, AUDIT=Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, ICS-FC=Failed Control subscale of Impaired Control Scale. ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. Yuan-Bentler χ2 (1) = 0.869, p=0.35, CFI=1.0, RMSEA=0.00.
Correlation matrices across all 14 ICNsAverage correlation matrices of functional connectivity for all ICNs by group: HC (n=87); age- and gender-match ALC subset (n=255); and all ALC (n-383). The difference matrix, Controls - Matched ALC, shows the networks that differed between the matched groups with the ALC groups having lower network functional connectivity strength.
Networks Different between ALC Subjects and ControlsROIs defining the networks with significantly lower connectivity strength in age- and gender-matched ALC subjects (n=255) and controls (n=87) include the left executive control (LECN), Basal Ganglia (BG), Sensorimotor (SM), and Primary Visual (PV) network’s. Table 2 details the acronyms of the network nodes displayed in the right panel.
Edges Associated with Alcohol ProblemsDepiction of edges within networks significantly correlated with failed control of alcohol consumption and/or alcohol use disorder severity within the left executive control network. Nodes between these edges include the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), temporal lobe (TL) and right cerebellum (CE).
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