Gene × environment interaction studies have not properly controlled for potential confounders: the problem and the (simple) solution.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Keller, Matthew C
- Year
- 2014
- Journal
- Biological psychiatry
- PMID
- 24135711
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.006
- PMCID
- PMC3859520
Candidate gene × environment (G × E) interaction research tests the hypothesis that the effects of some environmental variable (e.g., childhood maltreatment) on some outcome measure (e.g., depression) depend on a particular genetic polymorphism. Because this research is inherently nonexperimental, investigators have been rightly concerned that detected interactions could be driven by confounders (e.g., ethnicity, gender, age, socioeconomic status) rather than by the specified genetic or environmental variables per se. In an attempt to eliminate such alternative explanations for detected G × E interactions, investigators routinely enter the potential confounders as covariates in general linear models. However, this practice does not control for the effects these variables might have on the G × E interaction. Rather, to properly control for confounders, researchers need to enter the covariate × environment and the covariate × gene interaction terms in the same model that tests the G × E term. In this manuscript, I demonstrate this point analytically and show that the practice of improperly controlling for covariates is the norm in the G × E interaction literature to date. Thus, many alternative explanations for G × E findings that investigators had thought were eliminated have not been.
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21–27 of 27
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 5HTTLPR | variant |
| 5HTTLPR s/s genotype local | variant |
| adult psychotic symptoms local | phenotype |
| African American | cohort |
| age | phenotype |
| amphetamines | drug |
| Amstadter et al. local | cohort |
| Åslund et al. local | cohort |
| C1 local | phenotype |
| cannabis use | phenotype |
| Caucasian cohort (n=803) local | cohort |
| COMT | gene |
| COMT polymorphism | gene |
| conduct disorder | phenotype |
| depression | phenotype |
| Duncan & Keller (2011) review local | cohort |
| Ei local | phenotype |
| Ethnically heterogeneous sample local | cohort |
| ethnically homogeneous sample | cohort |
| European ancestry | cohort |
| G×E interaction | phenotype |
| genetic variants | cohort |
| GNAI | gene |
| hallucinogen/amphetamine usage local | phenotype |
| hallucinogens | drug |
| Hispanic | phenotype |
| IQ | phenotype |
| Kaufman et al. mixed-ethnicity cohort local | cohort |
| MAOA | gene |
| MAOA high activity allele local | variant |
| MAOA low activity allele local | variant |
| non-African Americans local | cohort |
| novel G×E studies local | cohort |
| physical abuse | phenotype |
| psychiatric disorders | phenotype |
| psychosis | phenotype |
| race/ethnicity | phenotype |
| replication attempts local | cohort |
| self-report ethnicity local | phenotype |
| SES | phenotype |
| sex | phenotype |
| social support | phenotype |
| socioeconomic status | phenotype |
| Waldman local | cohort |
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| Genome-wide gene-diet interaction analysis in the UK Biobank identifies novel effects on hemoglobin A1c. | Westerman KE et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Genome-wide gene-environment interactions in neuroticism: an exploratory study across 25 environments. | Werme J et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Greater genetic risk for adult psychiatric diseases increases vulnerability to adverse outcome after preterm birth. | Cullen H et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Infant Vagal Tone and Maternal Depressive Symptoms: A Bottom-Up Perspective. | Somers JA et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Little Evidence of Modified Genetic Effect of rs16969968 on Heavy Smoking Based on Age of Onset of Smoking. | Adjangba C et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Modification of Heritability for Educational Attainment and Fluid Intelligence by Socioeconomic Deprivation in the UK Biobank. | Rask-Andersen M et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Monoaminergic Multilocus Genetic Variants Interact with Stressful Life Events in Predicting Changes in Adolescent Anxiety Symptoms: A One-year Longitudinal Study. | Cao C et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Multiomic biological approaches to the study of child abuse and neglect. | Layfield SD et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Neuroticism and reward-related ventral striatum activity: Probing vulnerability to stress-related depression. | Bondy E et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Perceived neighborhood cohesion buffers COVID-19 impacts on mental health in a United States sample. | Robinette JW et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| "Reports of My Death Were Greatly Exaggerated": Behavior Genetics in the Postgenomic Era. | Harden KP | — | 2021 | → |
| Socioemotional Mechanisms of Children's Differential Response to the Effects of Maternal Sensitivity on Child Adjustment. | Somers JA et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Testing gene-environment interactions in the presence of confounders and mismeasured environmental exposures. | Cheng C et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| The <i>ADCYAP1R1</i> Gene Is Correlated With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Through Diverse Epistases in a Traumatized Chinese Population. | Wang L et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| The prospects of precision psychiatry. | Tabb K et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder modulate polygenic predictors of hippocampal and amygdala volume. | Zheng Y et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Using a developmental perspective to examine the moderating effects of marriage on heavy episodic drinking in a young adult sample enriched for risk. | Cho SB et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Visuospatial perspective shifting and relational self-association in dispositional shame and guilt. | Chiu CD et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Active Cigarette Smoking Is Associated With an Exacerbation of Genetic Susceptibility to Diabetes. | Lin WY et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Aggression based genome-wide, glutamatergic, dopaminergic and neuroendocrine polygenic risk scores predict callous-unemotional traits. | Ruisch IH et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| ALDH2 genotype modulates the association between alcohol consumption and AST/ALT ratio among middle-aged Japanese men: a genome-wide G × E interaction analysis. | Sutoh Y et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| A phenome-wide association and Mendelian Randomisation study of polygenic risk for depression in UK Biobank. | Shen X et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Association of Recent Stressful Life Events With Mental and Physical Health in the Context of Genomic and Exposomic Liability for Schizophrenia. | Pries LK et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| BAIAP2 rs8079781, postnatal smoking exposure, and emotional problems in Japanese children aged 5 years: the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study. | Miyake Y et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Biomarkers of suicidal behaviors: A comprehensive critical review. | Capuzzi E et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Catechol-<i>O</i>-methyltransferase <i>Val<sup>158</sup>Met</i> Genotype and Early-Life Family Adversity Interactively Affect Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Symptoms Across Childhood. | Abraham E et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Childhood Adoption and Mental Health in Adulthood: The Role of Gene-Environment Correlations and Interactions in the UK Biobank. | Lehto K et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Commentary on Hartwell et al. (2020): Alcohol use disorder treatment response-where is the variability? | Agrawal A et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Comparison of Adopted and Nonadopted Individuals Reveals Gene-Environment Interplay for Education in the UK Biobank. | Cheesman R et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Convergent Evidence for Predispositional Effects of Brain Gray Matter Volume on Alcohol Consumption. | Baranger DAA et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Correlation between hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis gene polymorphisms and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. | Zhang K et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Effects of Polygenic Risk and Perceived Friends' Drinking and Disruptive Behavior on Development of Alcohol Use Across Adolescence. | Zaso MJ et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Evaluation of the Predictive Ability, Environmental Regulation and Pharmacogenetics Utility of a BMI-Predisposing Genetic Risk Score during Childhood and Puberty. | Anguita-Ruiz A et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Gender Differences in Depression: Evidence From Genetics. | Zhao L et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Gene-environment interaction: New insights into perceived parenting and social anxiety among adolescents. | Chubar V et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Gene-environment interactions between HPA-axis genes and childhood maltreatment in depression: a systematic review. | Normann C et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Genetic associations with mathematics tracking and persistence in secondary school. | Harden KP et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Genetic liability to ADHD and substance use disorders in individuals with ADHD. | Wimberley T et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Genetic study of the Arctic CPT1A variant suggests that its effect on fatty acid levels is modulated by traditional Inuit diet. | Senftleber N et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Genome-wide gene-environment analyses of major depressive disorder and reported lifetime traumatic experiences in UK Biobank. | Coleman JRI et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Identifying blood pressure loci whose effects are modulated by multiple lifestyle exposures. | Osazuwa-Peters OL et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Interaction Between the 5-Hydroxytryptamine Transporter-Linked Polymorphic Region (5-HTTLPR) and Negative Life Events in Adolescent Heavy Drinking. | Kim J et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Interaction effect of alcohol consumption and Alzheimer disease polygenic risk score on the brain cortical thickness of cognitively normal subjects. | Matloff WJ et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Interactions between Polygenic Scores and Environments: Methodological and Conceptual Challenges. | Domingue BW et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Interplay between Socioeconomic Markers and Polygenic Predisposition on Timing of Dementia Diagnosis. | Ajnakina O et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Maternal antenatal depression and child mental health: Moderation by genomic risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. | Chen LM et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Maternal verbal aggression in early infancy and child's internalizing symptoms: interaction by common oxytocin polymorphisms. | Smarius LJCA et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and offspring risk of childhood/adolescent depression: Results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). | Wang MJ et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Oxytocin and the stress buffering effect of social company: a genetic study in daily life. | Sicorello M et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Polygenic liability for schizophrenia and childhood adversity influences daily-life emotion dysregulation and psychosis proneness. | Pries LK et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Preliminary Evidence That CD38 Moderates the Association of Neuroticism on Amygdala-Subgenual Cingulate Connectivity. | Tabak BA et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Race moderates the effects of Motivational Interviewing on smoking cessation induction. | Grobe JE et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Reward-Related Brain Activity Prospectively Predicts Increases in Alcohol Use in Adolescents. | Swartz JR et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Separating Measured Genetic and Environmental Effects: Evidence Linking Parental Genotype and Adopted Child Outcomes. | Domingue BW et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Sex-specific autosomal genetic effects across 26 human complex traits. | Lin WY et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Systematic review and meta-analysis of the moderating effect of rs1799971 in OPRM1, the mu-opioid receptor gene, on response to naltrexone treatment of alcohol use disorder. | Hartwell EE et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The effects of polygenic risk for psychiatric disorders and smoking behaviour on psychotic experiences in UK Biobank. | García-González J et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The role of CACNA1C gene and childhood trauma interaction on bipolar disorder. | Bastos CR et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Advantaged socioeconomic conditions in childhood are associated with higher cognitive functioning but stronger cognitive decline in older age. | Aartsen MJ et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| A genetic sum score of risk alleles associated with body mass index interacts with socioeconomic position in the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. | Frank M et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| A multi-ancestry genome-wide study incorporating gene-smoking interactions identifies multiple new loci for pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure. | Sung YJ et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| A simple approximation to the bias of gene-environment interactions in case-control studies with silent disease. | Lobach I et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Associations between polygenic risk for tobacco and alcohol use and liability to tobacco and alcohol use, and psychiatric disorders in an independent sample of 13,999 Australian adults. | Chang LH et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| A validation of the diathesis-stress model for depression in Generation Scotland. | Arnau-Soler A et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Childhood maltreatment affects adolescent sensitivity to parenting and close friendships in predicting growth in externalizing behavior. | Tung I et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Child maltreatment, adaptive functioning, and polygenic risk: A structural equation mixture model. | Thibodeau EL et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Circulating Interleukin-6 concentration covaries inversely with self-reported sleep duration as a function of polymorphic variation in the glucocorticoid receptor. | Walsh CP et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Common oxytocin polymorphisms interact with maternal verbal aggression in early infancy impacting blood pressure at age 5-6: The ABCD study. | Smarius LJCA et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Differential vulnerability to neighbourhood disorder: a gene×environment interaction study. | Robinette JW et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Early-life socioeconomic circumstances explain health differences in old age, but not their evolution over time. | Cheval B et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Effect modification of FADS2 polymorphisms on the association between breastfeeding and intelligence: results from a collaborative meta-analysis. | Hartwig FP et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Examining the link between emotional childhood abuse and social relationships in midlife: The moderating role of the oxytocin receptor gene. | Ebbert AM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Exploring the relationship between polygenic risk for cannabis use, peer cannabis use and the longitudinal course of cannabis involvement. | Johnson EC et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Gene × Environment contributions to autonomic stress reactivity in youth. | Allegrini AG et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Gene-environment interactions between HPA-axis genes and stressful life events in depression: a systematic review. | Normann C et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Genes, Roommates, and Residence Halls: A Multidimensional Study of the Role of Peer Drinking on College Students' Alcohol Use. | Smith RL et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Genetic risk for neuroticism predicts emotional health depending on childhood adversity. | Lehto K et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Genome-wide by environment interaction studies of depressive symptoms and psychosocial stress in UK Biobank and Generation Scotland. | Arnau-Soler A et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Genomic updates in understanding PTSD. | Sharma S et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| GxE effects of FKBP5 and traumatic life events on PTSD: A meta-analysis. | Hawn SE et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Interaction of childhood trauma with rs1360780 of the FKBP5 gene on trait resilience in a general population sample. | Terock J et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Interactions between FKBP5 variation and environmental stressors in adolescent Major Depression. | Piechaczek CE et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Interplay between genome-wide implicated genetic variants and environmental factors related to childhood antisocial behavior in the UK ALSPAC cohort. | Ruisch IH et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Interpreting Behavior Genetic Models: Seven Developmental Processes to Understand. | Briley DA et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Meta-Analysis of SNP-Environment Interaction with Heterogeneity. | Jin Q et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| MR-pheWAS with stratification and interaction: Searching for the causal effects of smoking heaviness identified an effect on facial aging. | Millard LAC et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| No Support for Historical Candidate Gene or Candidate Gene-by-Interaction Hypotheses for Major Depression Across Multiple Large Samples. | Border R et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Paradoxical effects of exercise on hippocampal plasticity and cognition in mice with a heterozygous null mutation in the serotonin transporter gene. | Rogers J et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Polygenic risk for alcohol misuse is moderated by romantic partnerships. | Barr PB et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Psychosocial moderation of polygenic risk for cannabis involvement: the role of trauma exposure and frequency of religious service attendance. | Meyers JL et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Relationships between substance abuse/dependence and psychiatric disorders based on polygenic scores. | Gurriarán X et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| rs1360780 of the FKBP5 gene modulates the association between maternal acceptance and regional gray matter volume in the thalamus in children and adolescents. | Matsudaira I et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Serotonergic multilocus genetic variation moderates the association between major interpersonal stress and adolescent depressive symptoms: Replication and candidate environment specification. | Starr LR et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Systematic Review of Polygenic Gene-Environment Interaction in Tobacco, Alcohol, and Cannabis Use. | Pasman JA et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The association of depression and anxiety with cardiac autonomic activity: The role of confounding effects of antidepressants. | Hu MX et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The effect of genetic vulnerability and military deployment on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms. | Schür RR et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The Genetic Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Aspects of Problem Drinking in an Ascertained Sample. | Johnson EC et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The relationship between cognitive decline and a genetic predictor of educational attainment. | Ding X et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Using Polygenic Scores in Social Science Research: Unraveling Childlessness. | Verweij RM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| VGLUT2 rs2290045 genotype moderates environmental sensitivity to alcohol-related problems in three samples of youths. | Vrettou M et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Working memory reflects vulnerability to early life adversity as a risk factor for substance use disorder in the FKBP5 cortisol cochaperone polymorphism, rs9296158. | Lovallo WR et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Adiposity Associated Plasma Linoleic Acid is Related to Demographic, Metabolic Health and Haplotypes of FADS1/2 Genes in Irish Adults. | Li K et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| A direct test of the diathesis-stress model for depression. | Colodro-Conde L et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| A genome-wide gene-by-trauma interaction study of alcohol misuse in two independent cohorts identifies PRKG1 as a risk locus. | Polimanti R et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| A Large-Scale Multi-ancestry Genome-wide Study Accounting for Smoking Behavior Identifies Multiple Significant Loci for Blood Pressure. | Sung YJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Alcohol Metabolizing Polygenic Risk for Alcohol Consumption in European American College Students. | Thomas NS et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| An ancestry-based approach for detecting interactions. | Park DS et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Apolipoprotein E genotype does not moderate the associations of depressive symptoms, neuroticism and allostatic load with cognitive ability and cognitive aging in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. | Crook Z et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Association between maternal childhood maltreatment and mother-infant attachment disorganization: Moderation by maternal oxytocin receptor gene and cortisol secretion. | Ludmer JA et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Association of Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA) Gene uVNTR and rs6323 Polymorphisms with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder in Korean Children. | Hwang IW et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Breastfeeding moderates FTO related adiposity: a birth cohort study with 30 years of follow-up. | Horta BL et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Childhood trauma and emotion regulation: The moderator role of BDNF Val66Met. | Bîlc MI et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Chronic Stressors and Adolescents' Externalizing Problems: Genetic Moderation by Dopamine Receptor D4. The TRAILS Study. | Zandstra ARE et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Convergence of placenta biology and genetic risk for schizophrenia. | Ursini G et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Critical Issues in the Inclusion of Genetic and Epigenetic Information in Prevention and Intervention Trials. | Latendresse SJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Depression in early adolescence: Contributions from relational aggression and variation in the oxytocin receptor gene. | Kushner SC et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Does Childhood Trauma Moderate Polygenic Risk for Depression? A Meta-analysis of 5765 Subjects From the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. | Peyrot WJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2), dopamine transporter solute carrier family C6, member 4 (SLC6A3), and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genes as moderators of the relation between maternal history of maltreatment and infant emotion regulation. | Villani V et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Early maternal care may counteract familial liability for psychopathology in the reward circuitry. | Holz NE et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Education can reduce health differences related to genetic risk of obesity. | Barcellos SH et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Examining interactions between genetic risk for alcohol problems, peer deviance, and interpersonal traumatic events on trajectories of alcohol use disorder symptoms among African American college students. | Su J et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| FoxO1, A2M, and TGF-β1: three novel genes predicting depression in gene X environment interactions are identified using cross-species and cross-tissues transcriptomic and miRNomic analyses. | Cattaneo A et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Gene-environment interaction of monoamine oxidase A in relation to antisocial behaviour: current and future directions. | Nilsson KW et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Genetic moderation of the effects of the Family Check-Up intervention on children's internalizing symptoms: A longitudinal study with a racially/ethnically diverse sample. | Lemery-Chalfant K et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Gene x environment interactions in conduct disorder: Implications for future treatments. | Holz NE et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Genome-wide assessment of gene-by-smoking interactions in COPD. | Park B et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Genome-wide gene-environment interaction in depression: A systematic evaluation of candidate genes: The childhood trauma working-group of PGC-MDD. | Van der Auwera S et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Harsh Parenting and Serotonin Transporter and BDNF Val66Met Polymorphisms as Predictors of Adolescent Depressive Symptoms. | Koss KJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Individual and shared effects of social environment and polygenic risk scores on adolescent body mass index. | Coleman JRI et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Individual biological sensitivity to environmental influences: testing the differential susceptibility properties of the 5HTTLPR polymorphism in relation to depressive symptoms and delinquency in two adolescent general samples. | Åslund C et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Interaction between FKBP5 variability and recent life events in the anxiety spectrum: Evidence for the differential susceptibility model. | Pérez-Pérez B et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Interaction Between Season of Birth and COMT Val158Met (rs4680) in ADHD in a Large Sample of Chinese Han Participants. | Gao Q et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Interaction between the ADH1B*3 allele and drinking motives on alcohol use among Black college students. | Zaso MJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| ITIH3 and ITIH4 polymorphisms and depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japan: the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study. | Miyake Y et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Maltreatment, the Oxytocin Receptor Gene, and Conduct Problems Among Male and Female Teenagers. | Andreou D et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Negative Urgency Mediates the Relation between Genetically-Influenced Serotonin Functioning and Alcohol Problems. | Wang FL et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Parental Serotonin Transporter Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) Moderates Associations of Stress and Child Behavior With Parenting Behavior. | Morgan JE et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Perceived neighborhood social cohesion and cardiometabolic risk: a gene × environment study. | Robinette JW et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Polygenic risk for alcohol consumption and its association with alcohol-related phenotypes: Do stress and life satisfaction moderate these relationships? | Mies GW et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Predicting the use of corporal punishment: Child aggression, parent religiosity, and the BDNF gene. | Avinun R et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Relations between early maternal sensitivity and toddler self-regulation: Exploring variation by oxytocin and dopamine D2 receptor genes. | Augustine ME et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Replicability and Prediction: Lessons and Challenges from GWAS. | Marigorta UM et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Replication in Imaging Genetics: The Case of Threat-Related Amygdala Reactivity. | Avinun R et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Schools as Moderators of Genetic Associations with Life Course Attainments: Evidence from the WLS and Add Health. | Trejo S et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Serotonin functioning and adolescents' alcohol use: A genetically informed study examining mechanisms of risk. | Wang FL et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR genotype is associated with intrusion and avoidance symptoms of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Chinese earthquake survivors. | Liu L et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Spatial fine-mapping for gene-by-environment effects identifies risk hot spots for schizophrenia. | Fan CC et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| The Causal Effects of Education on Health Outcomes in the UK Biobank. | Davies NM et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| The Importance of Nidotherapy and Environmental Change in the Management of People with Complex Mental Disorders. | Tyrer P | — | 2018 | → |
| The interaction of BDNF Val66Met, PTSD, and child abuse on psychophysiological reactivity and HPA axis function in a sample of Gulf War Veterans. | Young DA et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Ventral Striatal Function Interacts With Positive and Negative Life Events to Predict Concurrent Youth Depressive Symptoms. | Luking KR et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Why does the magnitude of genotype-by-environment interaction vary? | Saltz JB et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Affiliation with substance-using peers: Examining gene-environment correlations among parent monitoring, polygenic risk, and children's impulsivity. | Elam KK et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Age-dependent role of pre- and perinatal factors in interaction with genes on ADHD symptoms across adolescence. | Brinksma DM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| A genetic factor associated with low final bone mineral density in children after a long-term glucocorticoids treatment. | Park HW et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| ALDH2*2 and peer drinking in East Asian college students. | O'Shea T et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| An earlier time of scan is associated with greater threat-related amygdala reactivity. | Baranger DAA et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Approaches to detect genetic effects that differ between two strata in genome-wide meta-analyses: Recommendations based on a systematic evaluation. | Winkler TW et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| A Review of the Genetics of Hypertension with a Focus on Gene-Environment Interactions. | Waken RJ et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Assessing the interplay between multigenic and environmental influences on adolescent to adult pathways of antisocial behaviors. | Li JJ | — | 2017 | → |
| A systematic review and secondary data analysis of the interactions between the serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and environmental and psychological factors in eating disorders. | Rozenblat V et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Commentary: Fundamental problems with candidate gene-by-environment interaction studies - reflections on Moore and Thoemmes (2016). | Border R et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Does neighbourhood deprivation affect the genetic influence on body mass? | Owen G et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Early Life Stress, FKBP5 Polymorphisms, and Quantitative Glycemic Traits. | Suarez A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Effect of childhood general traumas on suicide attempt depends on TPH2 and ADARB1 variants in psychiatric patients. | Karanović J et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| FKBP5 moderation of the relationship between childhood trauma and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies in adolescents. | Halldorsdottir T et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Gene-based interaction analysis shows GABAergic genes interacting with parenting in adolescent depressive symptoms. | Van Assche E et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Gene-by-Environment Interactions on Alcohol Use Among Asian American College Freshmen. | Luk JW et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Gene-environment interaction study for BMI reveals interactions between genetic factors and physical activity, alcohol consumption and socioeconomic status. | Rask-Andersen M et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Gene-obesogenic environment interactions in the UK Biobank study. | Tyrrell J et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Genetic variants in 5-HTTLPR, BDNF, HTR1A, COMT, and FKBP5 and risk for treated depression after cancer diagnosis. | Suppli NP et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis genetic variation and early stress moderates amygdala function. | Di Iorio CR et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Interaction between ADH1B*3 and alcohol-facilitating social environments in alcohol behaviors among college students of african descent. | Desalu JM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Interaction Between the μ-Opioid Receptor Gene and the Number of Heavy-Drinking Peers on Alcohol Use. | Zaso MJ et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Interaction of ACE genotype and salt intake on hypertension among Chinese Kazakhs: results from a population-based cross-sectional study. | Wang Y et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Investigating Direct Links between Depression, Emotional Control, and Physical Punishment with Adolescent Drive for Thinness and Bulimic Behaviors, Including Possible Moderation by the Serotonin Transporter <i>5-HTTLPR</i> Polymorphism. | Rozenblat V et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Maternal prenatal anxiety and child COMT genotype predict working memory and symptoms of ADHD. | O'Donnell KJ et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Multiancestry Study of Gene-Lifestyle Interactions for Cardiovascular Traits in 610 475 Individuals From 124 Cohorts: Design and Rationale. | Rao DC et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms, attachment, and PTSD: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. | Sippel LM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Parent and peer influences on emerging adult substance use disorder: A genetically informed study. | Bountress K et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Partial replication of two rumination-related candidate gene studies. | Van Hulle CA et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Polygenic phenotypic plasticity moderates the effects of severe childhood abuse on depressive symptom severity in adulthood: A 5-year prospective cohort study. | Bousman CA et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Relationships Between Self-Reported and Observed Parenting Behaviour, Adolescent Disordered Eating Attitudes and Behaviours, and the 5-HTTLPR Polymorphism: Data From the Australian Temperament Project. | Rozenblat V et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Retinopathy of prematurity: A comprehensive risk analysis for prevention and prediction of disease. | Owen LA et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Reward-Related Ventral Striatum Activity Buffers against the Experience of Depressive Symptoms Associated with Sleep Disturbances. | Avinun R et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Robustness of meta-analyses in finding gene × environment interactions. | Shi G et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Roles of Response Inhibition and Gene-Environment Interplay in Pathways to Adolescents' Externalizing Problems. | Wang FL et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Sex-specific effects of <i>COMT</i> Val158Met polymorphism on corpus callosum structure: A whole-brain diffusion-weighted imaging study. | El-Hage W et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Socioeconomic Status Interacts with the Genetic Effect of a Chromosome 9p21.3 Common Variant to Influence Coronary Artery Calcification and Incident Coronary Events in the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study (Risk Factors, Evaluation of Coronary Calcium, and Lifestyle). | Schmidt B et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The interaction between 5-HTTLPR genotype and ruminative thinking on BMI. | Schepers R et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The interaction between the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) variable number tandem repeat polymorphism and perceived peer drinking norms in adolescent alcohol use and misuse. | Park A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Unsupportive social interactions and affective states: examining associations of two oxytocin-related polymorphisms. | McInnis OA et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Update on the State of the Science for Analytical Methods for Gene-Environment Interactions. | Gauderman WJ et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Associations Between Self-Reported and Objectively Recorded Early Life Stress, FKBP5 Polymorphisms, and Depressive Symptoms in Midlife. | Lahti J et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| A Test-Replicate Approach to Candidate Gene Research on Addiction and Externalizing Disorders: A Collaboration Across Five Longitudinal Studies. | Samek DR et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Charting the landscape of priority problems in psychiatry, part 2: pathogenesis and aetiology. | Stephan KE et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Effect modification of FADS2 polymorphisms on the association between breastfeeding and intelligence: protocol for a collaborative meta-analysis. | Hartwig FP et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Evidence of a Gene × Environment Interaction Between Birth Weight and Genetic Risk in the Prediction of Criminogenic Outcomes Among Adolescent Males. | Jackson DB et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| FKBP5 genotype interacts with early life trauma to predict heavy drinking in college students. | Lieberman R et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Gene × Environment Determinants of Stress- and Anxiety-Related Disorders. | Sharma S et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Gene-Stress-Epigenetic Regulation of FKBP5: Clinical and Translational Implications. | Zannas AS et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Genetic Moderation of Stress Effects on Corticolimbic Circuitry. | Bogdan R et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Genetic variation in the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene moderates depressive symptom trajectories and remission over 8 weeks of escitalopram treatment. | Su YA et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| G = E: What GWAS Can Tell Us about the Environment. | Gage SH et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Interaction of CD38 Variant and Chronic Interpersonal Stress Prospectively Predicts Social Anxiety and Depression Symptoms Over Six Years. | Tabak BA et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Interactions Between Anandamide and Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Signaling Modulate Human Amygdala Function and Risk for Anxiety Disorders: An Imaging Genetics Strategy for Modeling Molecular Interactions. | Demers CH et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Interplay between Schizophrenia Polygenic Risk Score and Childhood Adversity in First-Presentation Psychotic Disorder: A Pilot Study. | Trotta A et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Meta-analysis of the serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR) in relation to adverse environment and antisocial behavior. | Tielbeek JJ et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Older age may offset genetic influence on affect: The COMT polymorphism and affective well-being across the life span. | Turan B et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| PER1 rs3027172 Genotype Interacts with Early Life Stress to Predict Problematic Alcohol Use, but Not Reward-Related Ventral Striatum Activity. | Baranger DA et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Physical and verbal aggressive behavior and COMT genotype: Sensitivity to the environment. | Tuvblad C et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Polygenic interactions with environmental adversity in the aetiology of major depressive disorder. | Mullins N et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Polygenic risk for alcohol dependence associates with alcohol consumption, cognitive function and social deprivation in a population-based cohort. | Clarke TK et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Rigorous tests of gene-environment interactions in a lab study of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR), alcohol exposure, and aggression. | LoParo D et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Schizophrenia and subsequent neighborhood deprivation: revisiting the social drift hypothesis using population, twin and molecular genetic data. | Sariaslan A et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Testing the Relations Among Family Disorganization, Delay Discounting, and Adolescent Alcohol Use: A Genetically Informed Study. | Wang FL et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met Polymorphism Moderates the Effects of Childhood Abuse on Severity of Depressive Symptoms in a Time-Dependent Manner. | Webb C et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The importance of gene-environment interactions in human obesity. | Reddon H et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The Interaction between Childhood Bullying and the FKBP5 Gene on Psychotic-Like Experiences and Stress Reactivity in Real Life. | Cristóbal-Narváez P et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The interaction of cultural consonance and a polymorphism in the 2A serotonin receptor in relation to depression in Brazil: failure to replicate previous findings. | Dressler WW et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Variation in an Iron Metabolism Gene Moderates the Association Between Blood Lead Levels and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children. | Nigg JT et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| What is the biological reality of gene-environment interaction estimates? An assessment of bias in developmental models. | Moore SR et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Additive genetic risk from five serotonin system polymorphisms interacts with interpersonal stress to predict depression. | Vrshek-Schallhorn S et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| A multilevel prediction of physiological response to challenge: Interactions among child maltreatment, neighborhood crime, endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (eNOS), and GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-6 gene (GABRA6). | Lynch M et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Amygdala functional connectivity, HPA axis genetic variation, and life stress in children and relations to anxiety and emotion regulation. | Pagliaccio D et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Analysis of Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors and Their Interactions in Korean Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration. | Woo SJ et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Association study of monoamine oxidase-A gene promoter polymorphism (MAOA-uVNTR) with self-reported anxiety and other psychopathological symptoms in a community sample of early adolescents. | Voltas N et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Brain derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF) and personality traits: the modifying effect of season of birth and sex. | Kazantseva A et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Candidate gene-environment interaction research: reflections and recommendations. | Dick DM et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Can Genetics Predict Response to Complex Behavioral Interventions? Evidence from a Genetic Analysis of the Fast Track Randomized Control Trial. | Albert D et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Caregiving and 5-HTTLPR Genotype Predict Adolescent Physiological Stress Reactivity: Confirmatory Tests of Gene × Environment Interactions. | Sumner JA et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158met polymorphism interacts with early experience to predict executive functions in early childhood. | Blair C et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Child maltreatment, impulsivity, and antisocial behavior in African American children: Moderation effects from a cumulative dopaminergic gene index. | Thibodeau EL et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Child maltreatment, inflammation, and internalizing symptoms: Investigating the roles of C-reactive protein, gene variation, and neuroendocrine regulation. | Cicchetti D et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Cohort of birth modifies the association between FTO genotype and BMI. | Rosenquist JN et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Detecting gene-environment interactions in human birth defects: Study designs and statistical methods. | Tai CG et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Does population density and neighborhood deprivation predict schizophrenia? A nationwide Swedish family-based study of 2.4 million individuals. | Sariaslan A et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Effect of variation in BDNF Val(66)Met polymorphism, smoking, and nicotine dependence on symptom severity of depressive and anxiety disorders. | Jamal M et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Epigenetics of Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders and Gene × Environment Interactions. | Klengel T et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Gene-environment interaction in dyslipidemia. | Cole CB et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Gene-Environment Interplay: Where We Are, Where We Are Going. | Salvatore JE et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Genetic differential susceptibility in literacy-delayed children: a randomized controlled trial on emergent literacy in kindergarten. | Plak RD et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Genetic differential susceptibility on trial: meta-analytic support from randomized controlled experiments. | van Ijzendoorn MH et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Genetic moderation of interpersonal psychotherapy efficacy for low-income mothers with major depressive disorder: implications for differential susceptibility. | Cicchetti D et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Genetics of complex traits in psychiatry. | Gelernter J | — | 2015 | → |
| HPA axis genetic variation, pubertal status, and sex interact to predict amygdala and hippocampus responses to negative emotional faces in school-age children. | Pagliaccio D et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Interacting effects of maternal responsiveness, infant regulatory problems and dopamine D4 receptor gene in the development of dysregulation during childhood: A longitudinal analysis. | Poustka L et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Intergenerational continuity in parents' and adolescents' externalizing problems: The role of life events and their interaction with GABRA2. | Salvatore JE et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Looking Forward in Candidate Gene Research: Concerns and Suggestions. | Schlomer GL et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) polymorphism rs604300 interacts with childhood adversity to predict cannabis dependence symptoms and amygdala habituation: Evidence from an endocannabinoid system-level analysis. | Carey CE et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Polygenic risk, stressful life events and depressive symptoms in older adults: a polygenic score analysis. | Musliner KL et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Serotonin transporter polymorphism (<i>5HTTLPR</i>), severe childhood abuse and depressive symptom trajectories in adulthood. | Nguyen TB et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Stress-related anhedonia is associated with ventral striatum reactivity to reward and transdiagnostic psychiatric symptomatology. | Corral-Frías NS et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The conditioning of intervention effects on early adolescent alcohol use by maternal involvement and dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) and serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genetic variants. | Cleveland HH et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The hidden efficacy of interventions: gene×environment experiments from a differential susceptibility perspective. | Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The risk for major depression conferred by childhood maltreatment is multiplied by BDNF and SERT genetic vulnerability: a replication study. | Gutiérrez B et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Triglyceride-Increasing Alleles Associated with Protection against Type-2 Diabetes. | Klimentidis YC et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Underlying Mechanisms of Gene-Environment Interactions in Externalizing Behavior: A Systematic Review and Search for Theoretical Mechanisms. | Weeland J et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| 5-HTTLPR, HTR1A, and HTR2A cumulative genetic score interacts with mood reactivity to predict mood-congruent gaze bias. | Disner SG et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Additive gene-environment effects on hippocampal structure in healthy humans. | Rabl U et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Alcohol consumption and lifetime change in cognitive ability: a gene × environment interaction study. | Ritchie SJ et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Are infants differentially sensitive to parenting? Early maternal care, DRD4 genotype and externalizing behavior during adolescence. | Nikitopoulos J et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Brain-derived neurotrophic factor/FK506-binding protein 5 genotype by childhood trauma interactions do not impact on hippocampal volume and cognitive performance. | Hernaus D et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Genetic moderation of child maltreatment effects on depression and internalizing symptoms by serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) genes in African American children. | Cicchetti D et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Genotypes do not confer risk for delinquency but rather alter susceptibility to positive and negative environmental factors: gene-environmentinteractions of BDNF Val66Met, 5-HTTLPR, and MAOA-uVNTR [corrected]. | Nilsson KW et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Interaction among childhood trauma and functional polymorphisms in the serotonin pathway moderate the risk of depressive disorders. | Van der Auwera S et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Interleukin 1B gene (IL1B) variation and internalizing symptoms in maltreated preschoolers. | Ridout KK et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Interplay of genetic risk (CHRNA5) and environmental risk (partner smoking) on cigarette smoking reduction. | Chen LS et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Moderation of maltreatment effects on childhood borderline personality symptoms by gender and oxytocin receptor and FK506 binding protein 5 genes. | Cicchetti D et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Sex differences in disease genetics: evidence, evolution, and detection. | Gilks WP et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Testing for measured gene-environment interaction: problems with the use of cross-product terms and a regression model reparameterization solution. | Aliev F et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The Genetics, Neurogenetics and Pharmacogenetics of Addiction. | Demers CH et al. | — | 2014 | → |