Dissecting impulsivity and its relationships to drug addictions.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Jentsch, J David; Ashenhurst, James R; Cervantes, M Catalina; Groman, Stephanie M; James, Alexander S; Pennington, Zachary T
- Year
- 2014
- Journal
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- PMID
- 24654857
- DOI
- 10.1111/nyas.12388
- PMCID
- PMC4360991
Addictions are often characterized as forms of impulsive behavior. That said, it is often noted that impulsivity is a multidimensional construct, spanning several psychological domains. This review describes the relationship between varieties of impulsivity and addiction-related behaviors, the nature of the causal relationship between the two, and the underlying neurobiological mechanisms that promote impulsive behaviors. We conclude that the available data strongly support the notion that impulsivity is both a risk factor for, and a consequence of, drug and alcohol consumption. While the evidence indicating that subtypes of impulsive behavior are uniquely informative--either biologically or with respect to their relationships to addictions--is convincing, multiple lines of study link distinct subtypes of impulsivity to low dopamine D2 receptor function and perturbed serotonergic transmission, revealing shared mechanisms between the subtypes. Therefore, a common biological framework involving monoaminergic transmitters in key frontostriatal circuits may link multiple forms of impulsivity to drug self-administration and addiction-related behaviors. Further dissection of these relationships is needed before the next phase of genetic and genomic discovery will be able to reveal the biological sources of the vulnerability for addiction indexed by impulsivity.
Anatomical localization of brain regions involved in inhibitory response control or delay- or risk-related decision-makingFigure is color coded according to regions implicated in various laboratory measures of inhibitory response control. Abbreviations: Cg1, Cg2 = Zillesβ areas for anterior cingulate cortex; PrL = prelimbic cortex; IL = infralimbic cortex; OFC/VLPFC = orbitofrontal cortex/ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; Sep = septal nuclei; CPu = caudate/putamen nucleus; AcbC = nucleus accumbens core; AcbSh = nucleus accumbens shell; HC = hippocampus; STN = subthalamic nucleus.
LLM interpretation
This figure is an anatomical diagram showing coronal brain sections at three different Bregma levels (+3.72 mm, +1.20 mm, and -3.60 mm). Various brain regions (e.g., PrL, IL, CPu, HC) are color-coded to indicate their involvement in specific behavioral measures, such as SSRT and Go/No-Go (red), 5CSRTT premature responses (blue), and delay discounting (purple). The visualization maps the spatial distribution of these functional roles across the prefrontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus.
Hypothetical models possibly explaining the relationships between forms of impulsive behavior and addictionOne model (A) proposes that each manifestation of impulsivity shares unique variance and mechanism with addiction behaviors. Another (B) suggests that these varieties of impulsivity share a small but measureable amount of variance and mechanism between them and that it is this overlap that is shared between them and addictions.
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of two conceptual diagrams (A and B) illustrating hypothetical relationships between addiction and four forms of impulsive behavior: Action Inhibition, Waiting, Delay-Related Decision-Making, and Risk-Related Decision-Making. In model A, addiction is represented as a base layer that shares a direct relationship with each individual form of impulsivity. In model B, addiction is positioned at the center, overlapping with the intersection where the four forms of impulsivity converge.
| # | Section | Preview |
|---|---|---|
| 40 | 2. Inhibitory Response Control β 2.5. Pharmacological Regulation of Inhibitory Response Control β 2.5.3. Dopamine and Action Inhibition | Similar results are found for reversal learning. Genetic or pharmacological interference withβ¦ |
| 41 | 2. Inhibitory Response Control β 2.5. Pharmacological Regulation of Inhibitory Response Control β 2.5.3. Dopamine and Action Inhibition | Emerging evidence suggests that the serotonergic and dopaminergic influences on action inhibition inβ¦ |
| 42 | 2. Inhibitory Response Control β 2.5. Pharmacological Regulation of Inhibitory Response Control β 2.5.4. Dopamine and Waiting | Dopamine likely exerts complex effects on waiting in the 5CSRTT. For example, within the medialβ¦ |
| 43 | 2. Inhibitory Response Control β 2.5. Pharmacological Regulation of Inhibitory Response Control β 2.5.4. Dopamine and Waiting | The evidence for a dopaminergic influence on waiting in the DRL task is limited. However,β¦ |
| 44 | 2. Inhibitory Response Control β 2.5. Pharmacological Regulation of Inhibitory Response Control β 2.5.5. Norepinephrine and Action Inhibition | Noradrenergic mechanisms are also implicated in action inhibition. Inhibitors of the norepinephrineβ¦ |
| 45 | 2. Inhibitory Response Control β 2.5. Pharmacological Regulation of Inhibitory Response Control β 2.5.6. Norepinephrine and Waiting | Similar to the case with stop signal and reversal learning performance, inhibition of theβ¦ |
| 46 | 2. Inhibitory Response Control β 2.6. Summary | In the preceding section, we reviewed some of the evidence relating measures of action inhibitionβ¦ |
| 47 | 3. Delay-Related Decision-Making | Reward-seeking behavior is under the control of brain systems that set a value for the outcome being⦠|
| 48 | 3. Delay-Related Decision-Making β 3.1. Conventional Tests of Delay-Related Decision-Making | Delay-related decision-making is measured by various delay discounting procedures (Table 1), each ofβ¦ |
| 49 | 3. Delay-Related Decision-Making β 3.2. Relationship to Impulsive Temperament | Laboratory measures of the discounting of delayed rewards have been shown to be positivelyβ¦ |
| 50 | 3. Delay-Related Decision-Making β 3.3. Relationship to Substance Use Disorders | Heightened propensity to discount delayed rewards has been reported in humans with a long-termβ¦ |
| 51 | 3. Delay-Related Decision-Making β 3.3. Relationship to Substance Use Disorders | Similarly, preclinical studies in rats show that this greater delay discounting can predict greaterβ¦ |
| 52 | 3. Delay-Related Decision-Making β 3.4. Neural Circuitry of Delay-Related Decision-Making | The neural circuitry involved in delay-related decision making is shown in Figure 1, in comparisonβ¦ |
| 53 | 3. Delay-Related Decision-Making β 3.4. Neural Circuitry of Delay-Related Decision-Making | Activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and lateral PFC is associated with response time duringβ¦ |
| 54 | 3. Delay-Related Decision-Making β 3.4. Neural Circuitry of Delay-Related Decision-Making | Additionally, the nucleus accumbens core, hippocampus, and basolateral amygdala, have also beenβ¦ |
| 55 | 3. Delay-Related Decision-Making β 3.4. Neural Circuitry of Delay-Related Decision-Making | Peters and Buchel206 have proposed that these areas can be viewed as distinct neural networks, basedβ¦ |
| 56 | 3. Delay-Related Decision-Making β 3.5. Pharmacological Regulation of Delay-Related Decision-Making | The sensitivity of delay-related decision-making to various pharmacological manipulations ofβ¦ |
| 57 | 3. Delay-Related Decision-Making β 3.5. Pharmacological Regulation of Delay-Related Decision-Making | Pharmacologically-induced decreases in dopamine activity also yield mixed results in delayβ¦ |
| 58 | 3. Delay-Related Decision-Making β 3.6. Summary | The proclivity to choose actions that lead to immediate gratification, at the expense of other ββ¦ |
| 59 | 4. Risk-Related Decision-Making | The risks associated with choices also figure into decision-making. Many decisions that involve⦠|
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 5-choice serial reaction time task local | phenotype |
| 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Test local | phenotype |
| 5CSRTT local | phenotype |
| 8-OH-DPAT local | drug |
| acetylcholine | drug |
| action inhibition local | phenotype |
| Action inhibition local | phenotype |
| Action Inhibition local | phenotype |
| Action inhibition deficit local | phenotype |
| addiction | phenotype |
| addiction-like behaviors local | phenotype |
| adolescents | cohort |
| adults with alcohol use problems local | cohort |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| alcohol abuse | phenotype |
| alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| alcohol self-administration | phenotype |
| Alpha-2A adrenoceptor agonist local | drug |
| amphetamine | drug |
| amygdala | anatomy |
| animal models | cohort |
| animals | cohort |
| anterior cingulate cortex | anatomy |
| anticipatory responding local | phenotype |
| Anticipatory responding local | phenotype |
| Appetitive reinforcement local | drug |
| atomoxetine | drug |
| attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | phenotype |
| aversion | phenotype |
| Barratt Impulsiveness Scale scores local | phenotype |
| basal ganglia | anatomy |
| basolateral amygdala | anatomy |
| Behavioral sensitivity to risk local | phenotype |
| Betting Task223 local | phenotype |
| bipolar disorder | phenotype |
| BIS-11 score | phenotype |
| borderline personality disorder | phenotype |
| brain | anatomy |
| brain systems | anatomy |
| Cambridge Gambling task local | phenotype |
| cannabinoids | drug |
| cannabis use | phenotype |
| caudate/putamen local | anatomy |
| Choice for immediate rewards local | phenotype |
| Choice for larger delayed rewards local | phenotype |
| Choice for small immediate rewards local | phenotype |
| Choice tasks local | phenotype |
| citalopram | drug |
| clinical symptomatology local | phenotype |
| cocaine | phenotype |
| cognitive control | phenotype |
| compulsive action local | phenotype |
| Compulsive actions local | phenotype |
| compulsive behavior | phenotype |
| conduct disorder | phenotype |
| Continuous Performance Task local | phenotype |
| controls | cohort |
| control subjects | cohort |
| corticostriatal circuit local | anatomy |
| Cue-induced nicotine reinstatement local | phenotype |
| cue-induced reinstatement of sucrose seeking local | phenotype |
| D1-like dopamine receptor local | drug |
| D1-like receptor local | drug |
| D2-like dopamine receptor local | drug |
| D2-like receptor local | drug |
| D2-like receptor antagonist local | drug |
| decision-making | phenotype |
| decision-making process local | phenotype |
| delay discounting | phenotype |
| Delay discounting ability local | phenotype |
| Delay discounting deficit local | phenotype |
| Delay discounting procedures local | phenotype |
| delay-related decision making local | phenotype |
| delay-related decision-making local | phenotype |
| Delay-related decision-making local | phenotype |
| Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding schedules local | phenotype |
| differential reinforcement of low rates task local | phenotype |
| difficulty inhibiting a response during reversal learning local | phenotype |
| discounted value of future rewards local | phenotype |
| Diversity outcross local | cohort |
| Diversity Outcross local | cohort |
| dopamine | drug |
| Dopamine autoreceptor local | gene |
| dopamine receptor antagonists local | drug |
| dopamine reuptake inhibitor local | drug |
| Dopamine reuptake inhibitor local | drug |
| dorsal striatum | anatomy |
| dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| DRD1 | gene |
| DRD2 | gene |
| DRD3 | gene |
| DRD4 | gene |
| DRD4 VNTR | variant |
| DRL local | phenotype |
| DRL performance local | phenotype |
| drug | drug |
| Drug and alcohol abuse and dependence local | phenotype |
| drug dependence | phenotype |
| Drug Dependent Individuals local | phenotype |
| drug experience | phenotype |
| drugs | drug |
| drug-seeking behavior | phenotype |
| Drug self-administration behavior local | phenotype |
| Drug Users local | phenotype |
| DSM-IV | phenotype |
| early alcohol use | phenotype |
| electric foot shock local | drug |
| Escalation of cocaine intake local | phenotype |
| escalation of sucrose intake local | phenotype |
| ethanol consumption | phenotype |
| Eysenck Personality Inventory impulsivity subscale local | phenotype |
| Family history of drug use disorders local | phenotype |
| food intake | phenotype |
| Food reward pellet local | drug |
| forebrain | anatomy |
| frequency of making less probable choices local | phenotype |
| frontal cortex | anatomy |
| frontal cortical subregions local | anatomy |
| frontal-striatal network local | anatomy |
| Frontostriatal local | anatomy |
| frontostriatal circuitry | anatomy |
| GABA | phenotype |
| genetic factors | cohort |
| glutamate | drug |
| goal-directed behavior | phenotype |
| go/no-go performance local | phenotype |
| Go/no-go performance local | phenotype |
| go/no-go task | phenotype |
| Guanfacine local | drug |
| habit-like behavior local | phenotype |
| healthy adolescents local | cohort |
| healthy controls | cohort |
| heavy cannabis use | phenotype |
| heavy drinking | phenotype |
| heavy stimulant users local | cohort |
| heightened discounting local | phenotype |
| High-energy nutrients local | drug |
| High-value reward-seeking local | phenotype |
| hippocampus | anatomy |
| Htr1a | gene |
| Htr2a | gene |
| HTR2C | gene |
| human | cohort |
| Human Balloon Analogue Risk Task local | phenotype |
| humans | cohort |
| human subjects | cohort |
| Human twin designs local | cohort |
| Hybrid mouse diversity panel local | cohort |
| Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel local | cohort |
| hyperactive reward-seeking phenotype local | phenotype |
| Immediate gratification local | phenotype |
| Impulse control disorders | phenotype |
| Impulses local | phenotype |
| impulsive action | phenotype |
| Impulsive action inhibition local | phenotype |
| Impulsive actions local | phenotype |
| impulsive choice | phenotype |
| Impulsive decision-making local | phenotype |
| Impulsive decision-making behavior local | phenotype |
| impulsive responding | phenotype |
| impulsivity | phenotype |
| Inbred rats local | cohort |
| Inbred rodent local | cohort |
| inbred strains | cohort |
| increased deliberation time local | phenotype |
| infralimbic cortex | anatomy |
| Inhibiting inappropriate behavior local | phenotype |
| inhibitory control | phenotype |
| inhibitory control abilities local | phenotype |
| insensitivity to future consequences local | phenotype |
| insensitivity to negative reinforcement local | phenotype |
| insula | anatomy |
| insula lesion patients local | cohort |
| Iowa Gambling Task | phenotype |
| Irrational choice bias local | phenotype |
| Isogenic rodent strains local | cohort |
| Laboratory impulsive behavior local | phenotype |
| Lateral Inferior Frontal Lobe local | anatomy |
| lateral orbitofrontal cortex | anatomy |
| lateral prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| lateral striatum local | anatomy |
| less discounting local | phenotype |
| Levodopa | drug |
| limbic regions of the striatum local | anatomy |
| Low-value reward-seeking local | phenotype |
| marijuana | phenotype |
| marijuana abusers local | cohort |
| matched controls | cohort |
| medial frontal cortex | anatomy |
| medial orbitofrontal cortex | anatomy |
| medial prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| medial striatum local | anatomy |
| methamphetamine | drug |
| monkeys | cohort |
| monoaminergic drugs local | drug |
| Monoaminergic Manipulations local | drug |
| Monoaminergic mechanisms local | drug |
| monoamine systems local | drug |
| mood disorders | phenotype |
| morphine | drug |
| Neurotransmitter Systems local | drug |
| nicotine | drug |
| Nicotine-seeking during abstinence local | phenotype |
| non-smoking controls local | cohort |
| norepinephrine | drug |
| Norepinephrine transporter inhibitor local | drug |
| nucleus accumbens | anatomy |
| nucleus accumbens core | anatomy |
| nucleus accumbens shell | anatomy |
| opiate abusers local | cohort |
| opiates | drug |
| orbitofrontal cortex | anatomy |
| other drugs | drug |
| parent/teacher reports of externalizing behaviors local | phenotype |
| parietal cortex | anatomy |
| Pathological impulsive behaviors local | phenotype |
| Pedigreed non-human primates local | cohort |
| posterior cingulate cortex | anatomy |
| preference | phenotype |
| preference for large-but-delayed reward local | phenotype |
| preference for small-immediate reward local | phenotype |
| prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| premature responding | phenotype |
| premature responses local | phenotype |
| Probabilistic Discounting Task local | phenotype |
| propensity to self-administer cocaine local | phenotype |
| prospection network local | anatomy |
| psychiatric disorders | phenotype |
| psychological distress | phenotype |
| Rat Balloon Analogue Risk Task local | phenotype |
| Rat Gambling Task local | phenotype |
| rats | cohort |
| Reasoning about delayed reward local | phenotype |
| Recombinant inbred mice local | cohort |
| Recombinant Inbred Mice local | cohort |
| reinforcement rate local | phenotype |
| repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation | drug |
| response inhibition | phenotype |
| Response time during delay discounting local | phenotype |
| reversal learning | phenotype |
| reversal-learning performance local | phenotype |
| reversal learning problems local | phenotype |
| reward | phenotype |
| right inferior frontal gyrus | anatomy |
| risk acceptance local | phenotype |
| risk adjustment local | phenotype |
| risk assessment | phenotype |
| risk aversion local | phenotype |
| risk-related decision making local | phenotype |
| risk-related decision-making local | phenotype |
| Risk-related decision-making local | phenotype |
| Risk-related decision-making deficit local | phenotype |
| risk taking | phenotype |
| risk-taking behavior | phenotype |
| risk-taking in the BART local | phenotype |
| risk tolerance | phenotype |
| risky decision-making | phenotype |
| Risky Decision-Making Task local | phenotype |
| Risky outcome local | phenotype |
| rodent orbitofrontal cortex local | anatomy |
| rodents | cohort |
| self-administration behaviors local | phenotype |
| self-reported impulsivity | phenotype |
| septohippocampal system local | anatomy |
| serotonin | drug |
| siblings | cohort |
| SLC6A2 | gene |
| SLC6A4 | gene |
| smoking initiation | phenotype |
| Social dominance | phenotype |
| speed of decision-making local | phenotype |
| stimulant | drug |
| stimulant dependence | phenotype |
| stimulant drugs | drug |
| stimulants | drug |
| Stimulant self-administration local | phenotype |
| stop signal local | phenotype |
| stop signal inhibition local | phenotype |
| Stop signal inhibition local | phenotype |
| Stop-signal inhibition local | phenotype |
| stop signal reaction time local | phenotype |
| stop-signal reaction time | phenotype |
| Stop signal reaction time local | phenotype |
| stop signal reaction time scores local | phenotype |
| stop-signal task local | phenotype |
| Stop signal task local | phenotype |
| Stop-signal task local | phenotype |
| striatum | anatomy |
| Subjective self-report measures local | phenotype |
| suboptimal decision-making local | phenotype |
| suboptimal risky bets local | phenotype |
| substance abuse | phenotype |
| Substance abuse behaviors local | phenotype |
| Substance Abuse Behaviors local | phenotype |
| Substance-dependent probands local | cohort |
| substance use | phenotype |
| substance-using subjects local | cohort |
| substantia nigra | anatomy |
| subthalamic nucleus | anatomy |
| sucrose | drug |
| sugar | drug |
| suicide | phenotype |
| temporal lobe | anatomy |
| tobacco use | phenotype |
| Twin cohort | cohort |
| valuation network local | anatomy |
| Various drugs of abuse local | drug |
| ventral frontal lobe local | anatomy |
| ventral striatum | anatomy |
| ventral tegmental area | anatomy |
| ventrolateral frontal cortex local | anatomy |
| ventrolateral frontal regions local | anatomy |
| ventromedial frontal cortex local | anatomy |
| ventromedial limbic region local | anatomy |
| ventromedial PFC | anatomy |
| ventromedial PFC lesion patients local | cohort |
| ventromedial prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| wager-insensitive rats local | phenotype |
| wager-sensitive rats local | phenotype |
| Wager-sensitivity local | phenotype |
| waiting local | phenotype |
| Waiting local | phenotype |
| waiting behavior local | phenotype |
| waiting impulsivity local | phenotype |
| Waiting impulsivity local | phenotype |
| Waiting in DRL tests local | phenotype |
| waiting in the DRL task local | phenotype |
| water | drug |
| young adults | cohort |
| young adult tobacco users local | cohort |
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