Protein kinases and addiction.
- Authors
- Lee, Anna M; Messing, Robert O
- Year
- 2008
- Journal
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- PMID
- 18991950
- DOI
- 10.1196/annals.1441.022
- PMCID
- PMC3050040
Although drugs of abuse have different chemical structures and interact with different protein targets, all appear to usurp common neuronal systems that regulate reward and motivation. Addiction is a complex disease that is thought to involve drug-induced changes in synaptic plasticity due to alterations in cell signaling, gene transcription, and protein synthesis. Recent evidence suggests that drugs of abuse interact with and change a common network of signaling pathways that include a subset of specific protein kinases. The best studied of these kinases are reviewed here and include extracellular signal-regulated kinase, cAMP-dependent protein kinase, cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5, protein kinase C, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and Fyn tyrosine kinase. These kinases have been implicated in various aspects of drug addiction including acute drug effects, drug self-administration, withdrawal, reinforcement, sensitization, and tolerance. Identifying protein kinase substrates and signaling pathways that contribute to the addicted state may provide novel approaches for new pharmacotherapies to treat drug addiction.
No figures extracted from this document.
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 3,7-dimethylpro-pargylxanthine local | drug |
| 4-cyano-3-methylisoquinoline local | drug |
| 4-hydroxynonenal | drug |
| 7-OH-DPAT local | drug |
| A2a antagonist local | drug |
| Abnormal hippocampal development local | phenotype |
| acute functional tolerance | phenotype |
| Acute functional tolerance to ethanol local | phenotype |
| Acute sensitivity to opiates local | phenotype |
| acute tolerance to ethanol local | phenotype |
| ADCY | gene |
| ADCY1 | gene |
| ADCY2 local | gene |
| ADCY4 local | gene |
| ADCY5 | gene |
| ADCY6 | gene |
| ADCY7 local | gene |
| ADCY8 | gene |
| addiction | phenotype |
| addictive drug local | drug |
| adenosine | drug |
| adenylyl cyclase | drug |
| Adora2a | gene |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| alcohol self-administration | phenotype |
| alcohol sensitivity | phenotype |
| Alcohol Use | phenotype |
| alcohol withdrawal | phenotype |
| AMPA receptors | drug |
| amphetamine | drug |
| amphetamine CPP local | phenotype |
| amphetamines | drug |
| amygdala | anatomy |
| Analgesic response to morphine local | phenotype |
| analgesic sensitivity local | phenotype |
| analog-sensitive kinase mutant local | gene |
| anisomycin local | drug |
| antisense oligonucleotides against PKCΞ΅ local | drug |
| anxiety | phenotype |
| anxiety-like behavior | phenotype |
| anxiolytic effect | phenotype |
| APV | drug |
| arachidonic acid | drug |
| astrocytes | phenotype |
| ATP analogs local | drug |
| *ATP-Ξ³S local | drug |
| attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | phenotype |
| auditory fear conditioning | phenotype |
| autophosphorylated CaMKIIΞ± (synaptosomal) local | phenotype |
| autophosphorylation of CaMKIIΞ± local | phenotype |
| autophosphorylation of CaMKIIΞ² local | phenotype |
| basolateral amygdala | anatomy |
| Bdnf | gene |
| BDNF antisense oligonucleotides local | drug |
| behavioral disinhibition | phenotype |
| benzodiazepines | drug |
| BIIE0246 | drug |
| BIS | phenotype |
| bisindolylmaleimide I local | drug |
| bisindolylmaleimides local | drug |
| BNST | anatomy |
| B-Raf local | drug |
| B-Raf local | gene |
| brain | anatomy |
| breaking point local | phenotype |
| calcium | drug |
| calmodulin | drug |
| calphostin C local | drug |
| Calphostin C local | drug |
| CAMK2 local | gene |
| CAMK2A | gene |
| CAMK2B local | gene |
| CAMK2D | gene |
| CAMK2G | gene |
| CaMKI local | gene |
| CamKII | drug |
| CaMKII activity local | phenotype |
| CaMKII antisense oligonucleotides local | drug |
| CaMKII knockout mice local | cohort |
| CaMKIIΞ± mRNA local | phenotype |
| CaMKIIΞ± protein local | phenotype |
| CaMKIIΞ² local | variant |
| CaMKIIΞ² mRNA local | phenotype |
| CaMKIIΞ² protein local | phenotype |
| CaMKK local | gene |
| cAMP | drug |
| Cannabinoid receptor local | drug |
| Cannabinoid receptor agonist local | drug |
| cannabinoids | drug |
| caudate-putamen local | anatomy |
| CB1 agonist | drug |
| CB1 antagonist | drug |
| CB1 receptor | drug |
| Cdk5 local | drug |
| Cdk5 | gene |
| CDK5R1 local | gene |
| central amygdala | anatomy |
| central nervous system | anatomy |
| cerebellar cortex | anatomy |
| cerebellum | anatomy |
| cerebroventricular space local | anatomy |
| c-fos local | drug |
| c-fos | gene |
| chelerythrine local | drug |
| Chelerythrine local | drug |
| choline | drug |
| Chrna3 | gene |
| Chrna4 | gene |
| CHRNA5 | gene |
| Chrna7 | gene |
| Chrnb2 | gene |
| Chrnb4 | gene |
| chronic ethanol exposure | phenotype |
| cingulate cortex | anatomy |
| Cnr1 | gene |
| cocaine | phenotype |
| cocaine-induced CPP local | phenotype |
| cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion local | phenotype |
| cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization local | phenotype |
| cocaine self-administration | phenotype |
| cocaine withdrawal | phenotype |
| cocaine-withdrawn rats local | cohort |
| conditional Cdk5 knockout mice local | cohort |
| conditioned place aversion | phenotype |
| conditioned place preference | phenotype |
| conditioned reinforcement local | phenotype |
| consumption | phenotype |
| cortex | anatomy |
| cPKC local | drug |
| CREB local | drug |
| CREB1 | gene |
| CRF-mediated long-term potentiation (LTP) local | phenotype |
| cue-induced cocaine seeking local | phenotype |
| cue-induced drug seeking local | phenotype |
| CΞ± local | drug |
| CΞ² local | drug |
| CΞ³ local | drug |
| D1/D5 receptor antagonists local | drug |
| D1 receptor | drug |
| DAG | drug |
| DARPP-32 | drug |
| DARPP-32 knockout mice local | cohort |
| Deep layers of the prefrontal cortex local | anatomy |
| Deficient hippocampal LTP local | phenotype |
| deltaFosB local | variant |
| depression of hippocampal LTP local | phenotype |
| diacylglycerol | drug |
| dopamine | drug |
| dopamine accumulation local | phenotype |
| dopamine D1 agonist local | drug |
| Dopamine D1 receptor local | drug |
| Dopamine D1 receptor agonist local | drug |
| Dopamine D2 receptor | drug |
| dopamine efflux | drug |
| dopamine release | drug |
| Dopamine release in NAc local | phenotype |
| Dopaminergic homeostasis local | phenotype |
| dopaminergic signaling local | phenotype |
| dopamine sensitization local | phenotype |
| Dopamine transporter | drug |
| dorsal striatum | anatomy |
| DRD1 | gene |
| DRD2 | gene |
| DRD5 | gene |
| drinks per week | phenotype |
| drug dependence | phenotype |
| drug-induced CPP local | phenotype |
| drug-induced hyperlocomotion local | phenotype |
| drug-naΓ―ve rats local | cohort |
| drug-seeking behavior | phenotype |
| Egr1 | gene |
| EGR2 | gene |
| electroconvulsive treatment local | drug |
| Elk-1 local | drug |
| Elk-1 local | gene |
| ELK1 local | gene |
| epilepsy | phenotype |
| ERK local | phenotype |
| ERK1 knockout mice local | cohort |
| ERK pathway local | phenotype |
| ERK phosphorylation local | phenotype |
| ethanol consumption | phenotype |
| ethanol CPP local | phenotype |
| ethanol dependence | phenotype |
| Ethanol-induced LORR local | phenotype |
| ethanol preference | phenotype |
| ethanol withdrawal | phenotype |
| Excess dopaminergic activity local | phenotype |
| exocytosis | phenotype |
| Extracellular dopamine local | phenotype |
| female Fyn knockout mice local | cohort |
| flunitrazepam | drug |
| forebrain | anatomy |
| forskolin | drug |
| Fos | gene |
| Fosb | gene |
| frontal cortex | anatomy |
| Fyn | gene |
| FYN -93A>G local | variant |
| Fyn knockout mice local | cohort |
| GABA | phenotype |
| GABAA receptor | drug |
| GABAA receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents local | phenotype |
| GABA-stimulated current local | phenotype |
| Gabra1 | gene |
| Gabra4 | gene |
| Gabrg2 | gene |
| GAP43 local | gene |
| gene transcription | phenotype |
| Gi/o | drug |
| Gi/o protein | drug |
| GluR1 | gene |
| GluR1 subunit local | drug |
| glutamate | drug |
| glycine | drug |
| Glycine currents local | phenotype |
| GNAI | gene |
| GNAI3 local | gene |
| GNAL local | gene |
| GNAO | gene |
| Gnas | gene |
| GNB1_GNG2_complex local | gene |
| GNB2L1 | gene |
| Go6976 local | drug |
| Golf protein local | drug |
| Go protein local | drug |
| Gq local | drug |
| Grb2 | gene |
| GRIA1 | gene |
| GRIN2B | gene |
| GRM1 | gene |
| GRM5 | gene |
| Gs protein local | drug |
| GΞ±s local | drug |
| GΞ²Ξ³ local | drug |
| H89 local | drug |
| handling-induced convulsions local | phenotype |
| heterozygous Cdk5 knockout mice local | cohort |
| heterozygous Cdk5 null mice local | cohort |
| Heterozygous Fyn knockout mice local | cohort |
| hippocampal CA1 region | anatomy |
| hippocampus | anatomy |
| HIST1H1 local | gene |
| HTR6 | gene |
| hyperalgesia | phenotype |
| hyperlocomotion | phenotype |
| hypolocomotion local | phenotype |
| hypothermia | phenotype |
| ifendopril local | drug |
| Ifendopril local | drug |
| Impaired spatial learning local | phenotype |
| impulsivity | phenotype |
| inositol triphosphate | drug |
| isozyme-selective peptide inhibitors local | drug |
| Kcnj6 | gene |
| KN-62 local | drug |
| KN62 local | drug |
| KN93 local | drug |
| KN93243 local | drug |
| KN93255 local | drug |
| knockout mice | cohort |
| KT5720 local | drug |
| KW6002 local | drug |
| Lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis local | anatomy |
| lateral nucleus of the amygdala local | anatomy |
| limbic system | anatomy |
| lipid second messengers local | drug |
| locomotor activity | phenotype |
| locomotor sensitization | phenotype |
| locus coeruleus | anatomy |
| long-term depression | phenotype |
| long-term potentiation | phenotype |
| Loss of righting reflex (LORR) local | phenotype |
| lower midbrain local | anatomy |
| LTP | phenotype |
| L-type calcium channel | drug |
| L-type calcium channel local | phenotype |
| male Fyn knockout mice local | cohort |
| MAP2K1 | gene |
| MAP2K2 local | gene |
| Mapk1 | gene |
| MAPK3 | gene |
| MAPK signaling pathway | drug |
| medial amygdala | anatomy |
| medial prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| MEK local | drug |
| MEK local | gene |
| MEK inhibitors local | drug |
| mesolimbic dopamine system | drug |
| methamphetamine | drug |
| methamphetamine CPP | phenotype |
| methamphetamine-induced CPP local | phenotype |
| methamphetamine-withdrawn rats local | cohort |
| mice | cohort |
| midbrain | anatomy |
| MK801 local | drug |
| monkeys | cohort |
| morphine | drug |
| morphine-induced CPP local | phenotype |
| motivated responding local | phenotype |
| motivation | phenotype |
| motor coordination | phenotype |
| mouse brain | anatomy |
| Mouse dorsal striatum local | anatomy |
| Mouse hippocampal neurons local | anatomy |
| mouse striatum | anatomy |
| MPEP | drug |
| MSK1 local | gene |
| mutant mice | cohort |
| NAc | anatomy |
| NAc core | anatomy |
| naloxone | drug |
| NEFH | gene |
| neurite outgrowth | phenotype |
| neurosteroids | drug |
| neurotrophin | drug |
| NG-108-15 cells local | cohort |
| NGF | drug |
| nicotine | drug |
| Nicotinic agonists local | drug |
| Nicotinic receptor upregulation local | phenotype |
| NMDA | drug |
| NMDA agonist local | drug |
| NMDA-mediated currents local | phenotype |
| NMDA receptor | drug |
| nonselective PKC inhibitors local | drug |
| nonsmoker | cohort |
| NPC 15437 local | drug |
| NP rats | cohort |
| NPY | gene |
| NPY2R | gene |
| NPY-Y2 antagonist local | drug |
| NR1 | gene |
| NR1 subunit local | drug |
| Nrgn | gene |
| NTRK1 | gene |
| NTRK2 | gene |
| N-type calcium channel local | drug |
| N-type calcium channel local | phenotype |
| nucleus accumbens | anatomy |
| object recognition | phenotype |
| olomoucine local | drug |
| opiates | drug |
| opioid | drug |
| opioid dependence | phenotype |
| opioid receptor | drug |
| opioid receptor agonist | drug |
| opioid tolerance | phenotype |
| OPRM1 | cohort |
| OVF mice local | cohort |
| p35 local | drug |
| p35 local | gene |
| p39 local | gene |
| p67 local | gene |
| palatable foods local | phenotype |
| PA phospho-hydrolase local | drug |
| para-nitrobenzylmesylate local | drug |
| parietal cortex | anatomy |
| PC12 cells | cohort |
| p-CREB increase local | phenotype |
| p-CREB induction local | phenotype |
| PD98059 | drug |
| PDK1 local | gene |
| Pdyn | gene |
| PENK | gene |
| pentobarbital | drug |
| periaqueductal gray | anatomy |
| p-ERK local | drug |
| p-ERK local | phenotype |
| phorbol esters local | drug |
| Phorbol esters local | drug |
| phosphatidic acid local | drug |
| Phosphatidic acid local | drug |
| Phosphatidylcholine | drug |
| phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bis-phosphate local | drug |
| phospholipase C | drug |
| Phospholipase D | drug |
| PICK1 local | gene |
| PKA | drug |
| PKA activity local | drug |
| PKA activity local | phenotype |
| PKA antisense oligonucleotides local | drug |
| PKA inhibitor H89 local | drug |
| PKC | gene |
| PKC activity local | drug |
| PKCΞ²I local | gene |
| PKCΞ²II local | gene |
| PKCΞ³ knockout mice | cohort |
| PKCΞ΅ inhibitor peptide local | drug |
| PKCΞ΅ knockout mice | cohort |
| PLC local | gene |
| PP-1 local | drug |
| PP1 | gene |
| PP2 local | drug |
| PPP1R1B | gene |
| PPP2CA local | gene |
| P/Q-type calcium channel local | drug |
| P rats | cohort |
| precipitated morphine withdrawal local | cohort |
| prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| Pregnanolone local | drug |
| preproenkephalin local | gene |
| PRKACA | gene |
| PRKCA | gene |
| PRKCB | gene |
| PRKCD | gene |
| PRKCE | gene |
| PRKCG | gene |
| PRKCH local | gene |
| PRKCI local | gene |
| PRKCQ local | gene |
| PRKCZ | gene |
| protein kinase A | drug |
| Protein kinase C | drug |
| protein kinase pathways local | drug |
| Protein phosphatase 2A local | gene |
| psychomotor sensitization | phenotype |
| psychostimulants | drug |
| PTPN5 local | gene |
| quinpirole local | drug |
| Raf1 | gene |
| Rap1 local | drug |
| Rap1 local | gene |
| Ras | gene |
| RASGRF1 | gene |
| Rat brain slices local | cohort |
| rat model | cohort |
| rats | cohort |
| Rat striatal neurons local | anatomy |
| receptor desensitization | phenotype |
| receptor inhibition local | phenotype |
| receptor upregulation local | phenotype |
| reinforced responding local | phenotype |
| Reinforcing properties of nicotine | phenotype |
| relapse | phenotype |
| reward | phenotype |
| RHOA local | gene |
| RIIΞ± local | drug |
| RIIΞ² local | drug |
| RIΞ± local | drug |
| RIΞ² local | drug |
| Ro31-8220 local | drug |
| rodents | cohort |
| roscovitine | drug |
| Rp-cAMPS | drug |
| RSK local | gene |
| SCH23390 local | drug |
| second messengers local | drug |
| self-administration of cocaine local | phenotype |
| Self-administration of morphine local | phenotype |
| sensitivity to morphine local | phenotype |
| serotonin | drug |
| shakes local | phenotype |
| SHC local | gene |
| SKF 81297 local | drug |
| SKF81297 local | drug |
| SKF82958 local | drug |
| SL327 local | drug |
| SLC29A1 local | gene |
| SLC6A3 | gene |
| smoking | phenotype |
| Snap25 | gene |
| somatic withdrawal signs | phenotype |
| spatial memory | phenotype |
| Sp-cAMPS local | drug |
| spinal cord | anatomy |
| stereotypy | phenotype |
| stimulants | drug |
| stress-associated ethanol self-administration local | phenotype |
| stress hormones | drug |
| striatum | anatomy |
| substance abuse | phenotype |
| sucrose | drug |
| SYN1 | gene |
| synapsin | gene |
| synaptic plasticity | phenotype |
| t-ACPD local | drug |
| thalamus | anatomy |
| THC | drug |
| THC-induced CPP local | phenotype |
| Thr-286 local | variant |
| tolerance | phenotype |
| tolerance to morphine analgesia local | phenotype |
| transgenic mice | cohort |
| tremor | phenotype |
| U0126 local | drug |
| unprecipitated morphine withdrawal local | cohort |
| ventral midbrain | anatomy |
| ventral striatum | anatomy |
| ventral tegmental area | anatomy |
| VTA | anatomy |
| whole brain | anatomy |
| wild-type controls local | cohort |
| wild-type mice | cohort |
| WIN-55212-2 local | drug |
| withdrawal | phenotype |
| withdrawal-induced anxiety local | phenotype |
| Ξ±7 nACh receptor local | drug |
| Ξ΅RACK local | drug |
| Ξ΅RACK local | gene |
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