DSM criteria for tobacco use disorder and tobacco withdrawal: a critique and proposed revisions for DSM-5.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Baker, Timothy B; Breslau, Naomi; Covey, Lirio; Shiffman, Saul
- Year
- 2012
- Journal
- Addiction (Abingdon, England)
- PMID
- 21919989
- DOI
- 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03657.x
- PMCID
- PMC3246568
AIMS: This paper aims to identify appropriate criteria for tobacco dependence assessment, evaluate relevant research and suggest revisions that may be incorporated into DSM-5. METHODS: Desirable conceptual and psychometric features of tobacco dependence assessments were identified, including the types of outcomes against which such assessment should be validated. DSM-IV criteria were matched against these criteria and compared with other dependence measures. RESULTS: DSM-IV criteria were found to be ambiguous, little used in tobacco research, and have relatively low predictive validity. Other dependence measures were found to have greater validity in the prediction of important dependence features such as relapse likelihood. Strength of urges to smoke on typical smoking days and during abstinence, markers of nicotine intake or frequency of smoking and latency to smoke soon after waking were found to be useful dependence measures. CONCLUSION: The use and utility of DSM-5 will be enhanced by eliminating most DSM-IV criteria and adding new ones based on smoking pattern, smoking heaviness, and the severity of craving during periods of smoking and withdrawal.
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| 20 | Suggested Criteria for the Assessment of Tobacco Dependence | Proposed criteria for DSM-5 and associated sample items are presented below along with rationales… |
| 21 | Suggested Criteria for the Assessment of Tobacco Dependence | Two other issues are considered: (1) breadth of the TD construct, because too narrow a focus may… |
| 22 | Suggested Criteria for the Assessment of Tobacco Dependence | difficult to quit, experience withdrawal, and face huge personal costs from smoking, one could argue… |
| 23 | Suggested Criteria for the Assessment of Tobacco Dependence | Table 3 presents the criteria, and sample items that could be used to assess them, in a new DSM-5.… |
| 24 | Suggested Criteria for the Assessment of Tobacco Dependence — Rationale for Included Criteria — Criterion 1: Craving | Tobacco craving reflects a conscious desire or intention to use tobacco. Many accounts of TD include… |
| 25 | Suggested Criteria for the Assessment of Tobacco Dependence — Rationale for Included Criteria — Criterion 1: Craving | The craving items reproduced in Table 3 are not specific to withdrawal craving. This is because… |
| 26 | Suggested Criteria for the Assessment of Tobacco Dependence — Rationale for Included Criteria — Criterion 2: Withdrawal | Including withdrawal in the dependence criteria is consistent with most theories of dependence… |
| 27 | Suggested Criteria for the Assessment of Tobacco Dependence — Rationale for Included Criteria — Criterion 2: Withdrawal | Craving was not included in the DSM-IV withdrawal symptoms because of evidence that it sometimes… |
| 28 | Suggested Criteria for the Assessment of Tobacco Dependence — Rationale for Included Criteria — Criteria 3 & 4: Time to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking, and usual number of cigarettes consumed per day (cpd) | These criteria are based on FTND items (items 1 & 4). There is evidence that the FTND and DSM… |
| 29 | Suggested Criteria for the Assessment of Tobacco Dependence — Rationale for Included Criteria — Criteria 3 & 4: Time to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking, and usual number of cigarettes consumed per day (cpd) | As noted earlier, numerous researchers have found that the FTND can predict cessation likelihood… |
| 30 | Suggested Criteria for the Assessment of Tobacco Dependence — Rationale for Included Criteria — Criteria 3 & 4: Time to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking, and usual number of cigarettes consumed per day (cpd) | The FTND directly asks about smoking heaviness (both items 1 & 4 relate to this: Table 2). There is… |
| 31 | Suggested Criteria for the Assessment of Tobacco Dependence — Rationale for Included Criteria — Criteria 3 & 4: Time to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking, and usual number of cigarettes consumed per day (cpd) | Direct comparisons of the FTND and DSM based measures show that the former is more strongly related… |
| 32 | Suggested Criteria for the Assessment of Tobacco Dependence — Rationale for Included Criteria — Criteria 3 & 4: Time to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking, and usual number of cigarettes consumed per day (cpd) | Research by Heatherton and his colleagues [23] found that amongst FTND items, 1 & 4 (TTFC & CPD)… |
| 33 | Suggested Criteria for the Assessment of Tobacco Dependence — Rationale for Included Criteria — Criteria 3 & 4: Time to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking, and usual number of cigarettes consumed per day (cpd) | A recent analysis tested whether adding a cigarette quantity-frequency item reflecting daily smoking… |
| 34 | Suggested Criteria for the Assessment of Tobacco Dependence — Rationale for Included Criteria — Criteria 3 & 4: Time to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking, and usual number of cigarettes consumed per day (cpd) | The four criteria listed above tend to have a stronger evidence base than any of the criteria in… |
| 35 | Suggested Criteria for the Assessment of Tobacco Dependence — Rationale for Included Criteria — Criteria 3 & 4: Time to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking, and usual number of cigarettes consumed per day (cpd) | Does the person spend a great deal of time in activities in order to get or use tobacco (e.g.,… |
| 36 | Suggested Criteria for the Assessment of Tobacco Dependence — Rationale for Included Criteria — Criteria 3 & 4: Time to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking, and usual number of cigarettes consumed per day (cpd) | Does the person give up or change social, work, or recreational activities because of tobacco… |
| 37 | Suggested Criteria for the Assessment of Tobacco Dependence — Rationale for Included Criteria — Criteria 3 & 4: Time to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking, and usual number of cigarettes consumed per day (cpd) | There is little evidence on the relative validity of individual DSM-IV items. However, the two… |
| 38 | Suggested Criteria for the Assessment of Tobacco Dependence — Rationale for Included Criteria — Criteria 3 & 4: Time to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking, and usual number of cigarettes consumed per day (cpd) | There is even less evidence supporting the inclusion of the other DSM-IV criteria: Desire to, or… |
| 39 | Suggested Criteria for the Assessment of Tobacco Dependence — Rationale for Included Criteria — Criteria 3 & 4: Time to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking, and usual number of cigarettes consumed per day (cpd) | Finally, while it might be attractive to add criteria because they seem conceptually appropriate,… |
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