EEG biofeedback as a treatment for substance use disorders: review, rating of efficacy, and recommendations for further research.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Sokhadze, Tato M; Cannon, Rex L; Trudeau, David L
- Year
- 2008
- Journal
- Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback
- PMID
- 18214670
- DOI
- 10.1007/s10484-007-9047-5
- PMCID
- PMC2259255
Electroencephalographic (EEG) biofeedback has been employed in substance use disorder (SUD) over the last three decades. The SUD is a complex series of disorders with frequent comorbidities and EEG abnormalities of several types. EEG biofeedback has been employed in conjunction with other therapies and may be useful in enhancing certain outcomes of therapy. Based on published clinical studies and employing efficacy criteria adapted by the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback and the International Society for Neurofeedback and Research, alpha theta training-either alone for alcoholism or in combination with beta training for stimulant and mixed substance abuse and combined with residential treatment programs, is probably efficacious. Considerations of further research design taking these factors into account are discussed and descriptions of contemporary research are given.
No figures extracted from this document.
| # | Section | Preview |
|---|---|---|
| 80 | Studies of EEG Biofeedback in Substance Abuse Treatment β The ScottβKaiser Modification of the Peniston Protocol | 23.4% reported using drugs or alcohol more than 20 times over the year. Urinalysis resultsβ¦ |
| 81 | Studies of EEG Biofeedback in Substance Abuse Treatment β Continuing Research β Self-Perception and Experimental Schemata in the Addicted Brain | Rex Cannon, Joel Lubar, and Deborah Baldwin of the Brain Research and Neuropsychology Laboratory atβ¦ |
| 82 | Studies of EEG Biofeedback in Substance Abuse Treatment β Continuing Research β Self-Perception and Experimental Schemata in the Addicted Brain | Research indicates that substance abusers have elevated beta activity in an EEG resting state asβ¦ |
| 83 | Studies of EEG Biofeedback in Substance Abuse Treatment β Continuing Research β Self-Perception and Experimental Schemata in the Addicted Brain | and relate this to the euphoric state produced by the drug (Lukas 1989, 1995). Winterer et al.β¦ |
| 84 | Studies of EEG Biofeedback in Substance Abuse Treatment β Continuing Research β Self-Perception and Experimental Schemata in the Addicted Brain | This research considers the integration of the features of addicted persons as reported in earlierβ¦ |
| 85 | Studies of EEG Biofeedback in Substance Abuse Treatment β Continuing Research β Self-Perception and Experimental Schemata in the Addicted Brain | Individuals with SUD present with a vast number of paradoxical characteristics; including anβ¦ |
| 86 | Studies of EEG Biofeedback in Substance Abuse Treatment β Continuing Research β Self-Perception and Experimental Schemata in the Addicted Brain | these features may not originate from the consequences of substance abuse, but from earlier periodsβ¦ |
| 87 | Studies of EEG Biofeedback in Substance Abuse Treatment β Continuing Research β Self-Perception and Experimental Schemata in the Addicted Brain | To date, studies identifying such schematic source generators and their relationship with SUD usingβ¦ |
| 88 | Studies of EEG Biofeedback in Substance Abuse Treatment β Integration of Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches in Assessment of Functional Outcomes of Neurofeedback and Behavioral Therapy Based Interventions in SUD | Sokhadze et al. (2007a) in their conceptual review proposed an integrated approach to assessment andβ¦ |
| 89 | Studies of EEG Biofeedback in Substance Abuse Treatment β Integration of Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches in Assessment of Functional Outcomes of Neurofeedback and Behavioral Therapy Based Interventions in SUD | Stotts and colleagues (2006) at the University of Texas at Houston, in collaboration withβ¦ |
| 90 | Studies of EEG Biofeedback in Substance Abuse Treatment β Integration of Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches in Assessment of Functional Outcomes of Neurofeedback and Behavioral Therapy Based Interventions in SUD | In a current study at the University of Louisville, Tato Sokhadze and his colleagues are utilizingβ¦ |
| 91 | Efficacy of Alpha Theta Training | The Guidelines for Evaluation of Clinical Efficacy of Psychophysiological Interventions (LaVaque et⦠|
| 92 | Efficacy of Alpha Theta Training β Criteria for Levels of Evidence of Efficacy | Level 1:Not empirically supported. This classification is assigned to those treatments that haveβ¦ |
| 93 | Efficacy of Alpha Theta Training β Criteria for Levels of Evidence of Efficacy | Level 2:Possibly efficacious. This classification is considered appropriate for those treatmentsβ¦ |
| 94 | Efficacy of Alpha Theta Training β Criteria for Levels of Evidence of Efficacy | Level 3:Probably efficacious. Treatment approaches that have been evaluated and shown to produceβ¦ |
| 95 | Efficacy of Alpha Theta Training β Criteria for Levels of Evidence of Efficacy | Level 4:Efficacious. In order to be considered βefficacious,β a treatment must meet theβ¦ |
| 96 | Efficacy of Alpha Theta Training β Criteria for Levels of Evidence of Efficacy | Level 5:Efficacious and Specific. To meet the criteria for this classification, the treatment needsβ¦ |
| 97 | Efficacy of Alpha Theta Training β Criteria for Levels of Evidence of Efficacy | Using these criteria and based on the studies reported to date alpha-theta training can beβ¦ |
| 98 | Efficacy of Alpha Theta Training β Criteria for Levels of Evidence of Efficacy | Using these criteria and based on reported studies to date the ScottβKaiser modification of theβ¦ |
| 99 | Efficacy of Alpha Theta Training β Criteria for Levels of Evidence of Efficacy | Alpha-theta training protocols do not completely meet the criteria for the Level 4,β¦ |
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 270 male addicts local | cohort |
| 87 subjects local | cohort |
| 94 treatment completers local | cohort |
| Abstaining patients local | cohort |
| abstinence | phenotype |
| abstinence length local | phenotype |
| abstinence-prone local | cohort |
| abstinence-prone group local | cohort |
| Abstinent addicted subjects local | cohort |
| Abstinent heroin-addicted subjects local | cohort |
| Abstinent heroin addicts local | cohort |
| abstinent heroin-dependent subjects local | cohort |
| Abstinent heroin users local | cohort |
| Abstinent methamphetamine dependent patients local | cohort |
| Abstinent polysubstance abusers local | cohort |
| Active heroin abusers local | cohort |
| Acute opioid influence local | phenotype |
| acute THC exposure local | phenotype |
| acute withdrawal | phenotype |
| addicted persons local | cohort |
| addiction | phenotype |
| ADHD | phenotype |
| adolescents | cohort |
| adults | cohort |
| adult substance abusers local | cohort |
| affective disorders | phenotype |
| age | phenotype |
| aggression | phenotype |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| alcohol abuse | phenotype |
| alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| Alcohol_dependence | phenotype |
| alcohol-dependent males local | cohort |
| Alcohol-dependent males local | cohort |
| alcohol/drug abuse | phenotype |
| Alcoholics Anonymous | drug |
| alcoholism | phenotype |
| alcoholism development local | phenotype |
| alcohol-related problems | phenotype |
| Alcohol Use | phenotype |
| Alcohol Use Disorder | phenotype |
| alienation | phenotype |
| alpha 2 power local | phenotype |
| Alpha absolute power local | phenotype |
| alpha activity | phenotype |
| Alpha amplitude local | phenotype |
| alpha band | phenotype |
| alpha biofeedback local | drug |
| alpha brainwaves local | phenotype |
| Alpha brainwaves local | phenotype |
| alpha EEG training local | drug |
| Alpha hyperfrontality local | phenotype |
| Alpha interhemispheric coherence local | phenotype |
| Alpha mean frequency local | phenotype |
| alpha oscillations | phenotype |
| alpha power | phenotype |
| Alpha relative power local | phenotype |
| alpha synchrony local | phenotype |
| alpha-theta biofeedback local | drug |
| Alpha-theta brain wave neurotherapy local | drug |
| Alpha-theta EEG biofeedback local | drug |
| Alpha-theta feedback training local | phenotype |
| Alpha-theta neurofeedback local | drug |
| Alpha-theta therapy local | drug |
| alpha-theta training local | drug |
| Alpha theta training local | drug |
| Alpha-theta training local | drug |
| Alternative treatment group local | cohort |
| Americans | cohort |
| Amount of heroin taken daily before withdrawal local | phenotype |
| amplitude | phenotype |
| amygdala | anatomy |
| anger | phenotype |
| anterior | anatomy |
| anterior cingulate cortex | anatomy |
| Anterior Cortex local | anatomy |
| Anterior scalp | anatomy |
| antidepressants | drug |
| antisocial personality disorder | phenotype |
| Anti-social personality disorder | phenotype |
| anxiety | phenotype |
| arrests | phenotype |
| attention | phenotype |
| Attentional variables local | phenotype |
| attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | phenotype |
| audio oddball task local | phenotype |
| Autogenic phrases local | phenotype |
| behavioral adverse outcomes local | phenotype |
| behavioral manifestations local | phenotype |
| behavioral performance | phenotype |
| beta activity | phenotype |
| Beta activity local | drug |
| beta band | phenotype |
| beta band increase local | phenotype |
| beta-endorphin | drug |
| beta frequency band local | anatomy |
| Beta frequency band local | anatomy |
| beta power | phenotype |
| Beta relative power local | phenotype |
| beta training local | drug |
| biofeedback local | drug |
| bipolar disorder | phenotype |
| brain | anatomy |
| brain activity | phenotype |
| Brain atrophy | phenotype |
| brainwave biofeedback local | drug |
| Burkett et al. (2003) local | cohort |
| cannabinoids | drug |
| cannabis abuse local | drug |
| cannabis dependence | phenotype |
| cannabis use | phenotype |
| carbamazepine | drug |
| Catecholamine imbalance local | phenotype |
| central | anatomy |
| central alpha local | phenotype |
| Central frontal region local | anatomy |
| central nervous system | anatomy |
| central region | anatomy |
| chemically dependent outpatients local | cohort |
| Chemically dependent outpatients local | cohort |
| childhood conduct disorder | phenotype |
| children and adolescents at risk for SUD local | cohort |
| chronic alcohol abuse local | drug |
| chronic alcoholism | phenotype |
| chronic brain damage local | phenotype |
| Chronic brain damage local | phenotype |
| Chronic cannabis abuse local | phenotype |
| chronic male alcoholics local | cohort |
| chronic marijuana use | phenotype |
| Chronic marijuana users local | cohort |
| chronic methamphetamine abuse local | phenotype |
| chronic methamphetamine users local | cohort |
| Chronic methamphetamine users local | cohort |
| Clinical SUD populations local | cohort |
| CNS activation local | phenotype |
| CNS disinhibition | phenotype |
| CNS dysfunction | phenotype |
| CNS hyperarousal local | phenotype |
| CNS sedation local | drug |
| cocaine | phenotype |
| cocaine abuse local | drug |
| Cocaine abuse local | drug |
| Cocaine and alcohol-dependent patients local | cohort |
| cocaine- and heroin-dependent group local | cohort |
| Cocaine-Dependent Cohort local | cohort |
| cocaine dependent patients local | cohort |
| cocaine-dependent patients local | cohort |
| Cocaine-dependent patients local | cohort |
| Cocaine positive urine screen local | phenotype |
| Cocaine-preferring polysubstance abusers local | cohort |
| cocaine relapse | phenotype |
| cocaine use disorder | phenotype |
| cocaine withdrawal | phenotype |
| cognition | phenotype |
| cognitive adverse outcomes local | phenotype |
| Cognitive-behavioral therapy local | drug |
| cognitively impaired substance abusers local | cohort |
| college students | cohort |
| conduct disorder | phenotype |
| confidence | phenotype |
| Control alcoholic group local | cohort |
| control alcoholics local | cohort |
| Control condition local | drug |
| control group | cohort |
| controlled study of 121 subjects local | cohort |
| controls | cohort |
| control subjects | cohort |
| Control subjects (no history of alcohol or drug dependence) local | cohort |
| conventional treatment resistant alcoholics local | cohort |
| conventional treatment resistant participants local | cohort |
| cortex | anatomy |
| cortical hyperexcitability local | phenotype |
| Cortical hyperexcitability local | phenotype |
| Cortical inhibition function local | phenotype |
| Cortical local functional connectivity local | phenotype |
| Cortical remote functional connectivity local | phenotype |
| cortical under-arousal local | phenotype |
| crack | drug |
| crack cocaine | phenotype |
| crack cocaine addicts local | cohort |
| Crack cocaine-only users local | cohort |
| Crack cocaine use local | phenotype |
| craving | phenotype |
| cue reactivity | phenotype |
| current crack users local | cohort |
| Current heroin addicts local | cohort |
| Current heroin users local | cohort |
| Current illicit drug users local | cohort |
| Daily THC users local | cohort |
| DeBeus 2002 local | cohort |
| decreased power in slow bands local | phenotype |
| Decreased remote functional connections local | phenotype |
| decrease in alpha frequency local | phenotype |
| decrease in high beta power local | phenotype |
| decrease in relative power of beta local | phenotype |
| decrease in relative power of beta (frontal) local | phenotype |
| decrease in relative power of delta local | phenotype |
| Deep relaxation local | phenotype |
| Deficient alpha amplitude local | phenotype |
| Deficit in alpha activity local | phenotype |
| Deficits in inhibitory control local | phenotype |
| delta activity | phenotype |
| delta band | phenotype |
| Delta band local | drug |
| delta band activity local | phenotype |
| Delta relative power local | phenotype |
| Delta/theta power local | phenotype |
| dependent personality disorder | phenotype |
| depression | phenotype |
| depression scores | phenotype |
| depressive symptoms | phenotype |
| Desynchronization local | phenotype |
| diencephalon | anatomy |
| diminution of alpha rhythm local | phenotype |
| Diminution of alpha rhythm local | phenotype |
| Dineβ (Navajo) local | cohort |
| disulfiram | drug |
| diverse populations | cohort |
| dopamine | drug |
| dopamine agonists | drug |
| dopamine receptor mechanisms alteration local | phenotype |
| dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| DRD1 | gene |
| DRD2 | gene |
| DRD3 | gene |
| DRD4 | gene |
| DRD5 | gene |
| dropout local | phenotype |
| drug-associated neurotoxicity local | phenotype |
| drug dependence | phenotype |
| Drug neurotoxicity local | phenotype |
| Drug resistance | phenotype |
| drugs | drug |
| drug screens local | phenotype |
| drug-seeking behavior | phenotype |
| Dysphoric motivational state local | phenotype |
| Early heroin abstinence local | phenotype |
| Early opiate withdrawal local | phenotype |
| early treatment failure local | phenotype |
| economic insecurity local | phenotype |
| EEG | phenotype |
| EEG abnormality local | phenotype |
| EEG alpha abnormality local | phenotype |
| EEG alterations local | phenotype |
| EEG beta abnormality local | phenotype |
| EEG biofeedback local | drug |
| EEG biofeedback local | phenotype |
| EEG biofeedback therapy local | drug |
| EEG characteristics local | phenotype |
| EEG coherence | phenotype |
| EEG patterns local | phenotype |
| EEG spectral power local | phenotype |
| EEG synchronization local | phenotype |
| Electrophysiological alterations local | phenotype |
| Elevated synchrony within beta frequency band local | phenotype |
| elevated voltage of non-alpha bands local | phenotype |
| EMG biofeedback local | drug |
| Emotion | phenotype |
| emotional impairment | phenotype |
| emotional reactivity | phenotype |
| employment | phenotype |
| endorphin | drug |
| enhanced fast beta power local | phenotype |
| ERP | phenotype |
| ERP abnormalities local | phenotype |
| ERP changes local | phenotype |
| ERP component latency delays local | phenotype |
| euphoria | phenotype |
| euphoric state local | phenotype |
| Euphoric state local | phenotype |
| event-related potential | phenotype |
| excess alpha activity local | phenotype |
| Excess alpha amplitude local | phenotype |
| excess beta activity local | phenotype |
| excessive delta activity local | phenotype |
| excessive theta activity local | phenotype |
| Excess of beta activity local | phenotype |
| Excess of fast beta activity local | phenotype |
| executive function | phenotype |
| executive functioning | phenotype |
| experimental group | cohort |
| Experimental subjects local | cohort |
| externalizing disorders | phenotype |
| eyes-closed alpha feedback local | drug |
| Fahrion 1995 study local | cohort |
| Fahrion 2002 study local | cohort |
| family history of alcoholism | phenotype |
| Fast alpha range frequency shifts local | phenotype |
| fear | phenotype |
| features local | phenotype |
| Firearm-related deaths local | phenotype |
| frontal alpha local | phenotype |
| Frontal alpha activity local | phenotype |
| Frontal CNS hyperarousal local | phenotype |
| frontal cortex | anatomy |
| frontal delta deficit local | phenotype |
| frontal delta reward local | phenotype |
| Frontal executive deficits local | phenotype |
| frontal hyperarousal local | phenotype |
| frontal neurotoxicity local | phenotype |
| frontal slow-beta coherence local | phenotype |
| frontocentral | anatomy |
| GABA receptor genes | gene |
| generalized anxiety disorder | phenotype |
| general population | cohort |
| Graap and Freides (1998) study local | cohort |
| Habit extinction resistance local | phenotype |
| hallucinations | phenotype |
| Hawthorne effects local | drug |
| healthy controls | cohort |
| healthy non-drug-dependent volunteers local | cohort |
| Heavily drinking males local | cohort |
| Heavy alcohol intake local | phenotype |
| heavy drinking | phenotype |
| Heroin abstinence <80 days subjects local | cohort |
| heroin abuse local | drug |
| Heroin abusers (β₯18 months) local | cohort |
| Heroin-dependent patients local | cohort |
| heroin ex-addicts local | cohort |
| Heroin-related overdose local | phenotype |
| heroin users | phenotype |
| Heroin withdrawal local | phenotype |
| high | phenotype |
| Higher EEG synchrony index for beta range local | phenotype |
| hippocampus | anatomy |
| HIV infection | phenotype |
| homeless crack cocaine abusers local | cohort |
| homelessness | phenotype |
| hypnagogic state local | phenotype |
| illegal behaviors | phenotype |
| Illicit drug dependence or abuse local | phenotype |
| illicit drugs | phenotype |
| inadequacy local | phenotype |
| Increased remote functional connections local | phenotype |
| increase in beta activity local | phenotype |
| Increase in beta activity local | phenotype |
| increase in relative power of alpha local | phenotype |
| Independent superiority study local | cohort |
| Individual insight local | phenotype |
| individuals at high risk to develop alcoholism local | cohort |
| individuals with no history of alcohol or drug dependence local | cohort |
| Induction script local | phenotype |
| Inhibitory control deficit local | phenotype |
| Injury death local | phenotype |
| Inpatient drug program subjects local | cohort |
| Inpatient psychiatric population local | cohort |
| inpatient rehabilitative treatment modality local | drug |
| insomnia | phenotype |
| insula | anatomy |
| Interhemispheric coherence of theta activity local | phenotype |
| interhemispheric coherence over frontal cortex local | phenotype |
| intrusive thoughts | phenotype |
| Investigational treatment local | drug |
| Kansas Prison System local | cohort |
| Large amount of low-amplitude delta waves local | phenotype |
| Large amount of low-amplitude theta waves local | phenotype |
| LaVaque et al. (2002) study local | cohort |
| left-temporal alpha local | phenotype |
| left temporal cortex | anatomy |
| length of stay local | phenotype |
| Level 4 classification local | phenotype |
| level of functioning local | phenotype |
| Light alcohol intake local | phenotype |
| light drinkers | phenotype |
| limbic regions | anatomy |
| lithium | drug |
| Longitudinal opioid exposure local | phenotype |
| low-amplitude delta waves local | phenotype |
| low-amplitude theta waves local | phenotype |
| low delta activity local | phenotype |
| lower frontal alpha coherence local | phenotype |
| lower slow-beta coherence local | phenotype |
| low P300 amplitude local | phenotype |
| low-voltage background activity local | phenotype |
| Low-voltage background activity local | phenotype |
| Low-voltage fast EEG patterns local | phenotype |
| Major affective disorder local | phenotype |
| male addicts local | cohort |
| Males ages 16β23 local | cohort |
| males with alcohol dependence local | cohort |
| marijuana | phenotype |
| Matched non-using control groups local | cohort |
| mazindol local | drug |
| mean alpha frequency local | phenotype |
| medial forebrain bundle | anatomy |
| medial prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| medication | drug |
| Medication use | drug |
| Meditative state local | phenotype |
| mesial frontal dysfunction local | anatomy |
| mesolimbic system | anatomy |
| Methadone | drug |
| Methadone-maintenance heroin addicts local | cohort |
| methamphetamine | drug |
| methamphetamine dependence | phenotype |
| Methamphetamine dependent patients local | cohort |
| Methamphetamine-dependent patients local | cohort |
| mixed substance abuse population local | cohort |
| MMPI-2 local | phenotype |
| MMPI-2 scales local | phenotype |
| Moderately drinking males local | cohort |
| Moderate-to-heavy alcohol consumption local | phenotype |
| Moderate-to-heavy drinkers local | cohort |
| Modified alpha-theta training local | drug |
| mood altering substance local | drug |
| mood disorders | phenotype |
| morphine | drug |
| Motivational impairment local | phenotype |
| Motivation enhancement therapy local | drug |
| Motor vehicle accidents | phenotype |
| Narrowing of behavioral repertoire local | phenotype |
| Negative family history local | phenotype |
| Negative family history of alcoholism local | cohort |
| nervousness | phenotype |
| Neurocognitive deficits | phenotype |
| neurofeedback local | drug |
| Neurofeedback local | drug |
| neurofeedback training group local | cohort |
| Neurofeedback treatment local | drug |
| neurotherapy local | drug |
| Neurotherapy local | drug |
| neurotoxicity | phenotype |
| nimodipine | drug |
| Non-alcohol SUD local | phenotype |
| non-dependent control group local | cohort |
| Non-drug-using control local | cohort |
| Non-drug-using controls local | cohort |
| Non-methamphetamine using group local | cohort |
| Non-stimulant abusing participants local | phenotype |
| non-users | cohort |
| Non-white participants local | phenotype |
| noradrenaline | drug |
| norepinephrine | drug |
| normal controls | cohort |
| normalization of EEG spectral power local | phenotype |
| normalization of ERP components local | phenotype |
| Normalized spectral power local | phenotype |
| normative groups local | cohort |
| No-treatment control group | cohort |
| nucleus accumbens | anatomy |
| O1 electrode local | anatomy |
| obesity | phenotype |
| observational study of 71 subjects local | cohort |
| obsessive compulsive symptoms local | phenotype |
| Obsessive compulsive symptoms local | phenotype |
| Occipital alpha rhythm peak frequency local | phenotype |
| occipital cortex | anatomy |
| olfactory tubercle | anatomy |
| ongoing cocaine use local | phenotype |
| opiate drug dependent patients local | cohort |
| Opiate physical dependency symptoms local | phenotype |
| opiates | drug |
| opioid | drug |
| opioid dependence | phenotype |
| opioid dependent patients local | cohort |
| Opioid-dependent patients local | cohort |
| Opioid-related overdose local | phenotype |
| orbitofrontal cortex | anatomy |
| Other mental disorders local | phenotype |
| outcome measures local | phenotype |
| Outpatient population local | cohort |
| overdose | phenotype |
| P300 amplitude | phenotype |
| P300 component | phenotype |
| P300 latency | phenotype |
| P300 measures | phenotype |
| P3a amplitude | phenotype |
| P3b amplitude | phenotype |
| P3b latency | phenotype |
| Pain relievers local | drug |
| Papageorgiou et al. 2004 cohort local | cohort |
| parietal alpha local | phenotype |
| parietal cortex | anatomy |
| Past month users local | cohort |
| paternal alcoholism | phenotype |
| Pathological aggression and violence local | phenotype |
| patients dually dependent on cocaine and heroin local | cohort |
| Patients in acute heroin withdrawal local | cohort |
| patients with histories of cocaine and alcohol dependence local | cohort |
| patients with histories of cocaine dependence local | cohort |
| patients with histories of heroin dependence local | cohort |
| Patients with SUD local | cohort |
| Peniston and Kulkosky (1989-1991) study local | cohort |
| Peniston protocol local | drug |
| Peniston Protocol local | cohort |
| Peniston Protocol local | drug |
| persistent elevations of alpha absolute power local | phenotype |
| persistent elevations of alpha relative power local | phenotype |
| Personality states local | phenotype |
| personality traits | phenotype |
| persons aged 12 or older local | cohort |
| Persons aged 12 or older local | cohort |
| phenytoin local | drug |
| Physical dependency symptoms local | phenotype |
| Population treated for a specific problem local | cohort |
| positive outcome local | phenotype |
| positive subjective drug effect local | phenotype |
| PostβCombat PTSD local | phenotype |
| posterior | anatomy |
| posterior alpha power local | phenotype |
| posterior EEG recording sites local | anatomy |
| Posterior scalp | anatomy |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | phenotype |
| Practiced meditators local | cohort |
| prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| Prefrontal cortex dysfunction local | anatomy |
| probation comparison group local | cohort |
| probation revocations local | phenotype |
| probation treatment group local | cohort |
| Pronounced desynchronization local | phenotype |
| protracted abstinence | phenotype |
| psychiatric disorders | phenotype |
| Psychiatric status local | phenotype |
| psychodynamic issues local | phenotype |
| psychological adjustment | phenotype |
| Psychomotor slowing local | phenotype |
| psychopathology | phenotype |
| psychosis | phenotype |
| psychostimulant addiction local | phenotype |
| Psychostimulant drug abuse local | phenotype |
| psychostimulants | drug |
| Psychotherapy local | phenotype |
| qEEG local | drug |
| qEEG abnormalities local | phenotype |
| qEEG abnormality local | phenotype |
| qEEG alterations local | phenotype |
| qEEG changes local | phenotype |
| qEEG manifestations local | phenotype |
| qEEG patterns local | phenotype |
| re-arrest rates local | phenotype |
| Recent abstinence local | phenotype |
| Recovering addicts local | cohort |
| Recovering Addicts local | cohort |
| reductions of alpha mean frequency local | phenotype |
| regular residence local | phenotype |
| rejection | phenotype |
| relapse | phenotype |
| relapse-prone local | cohort |
| relapse-prone group local | cohort |
| relapse risk | phenotype |
| Relapse vulnerability | phenotype |
| Relapsing patients local | cohort |
| Relative amplitude deficit local | phenotype |
| Relative power (non-alpha bands) local | phenotype |
| Relative power of beta activity local | phenotype |
| Relative power of delta activity local | phenotype |
| Relatives of alcohol-dependent individuals local | phenotype |
| relaxation | phenotype |
| religiousness local | phenotype |
| residential rehabilitation modalities local | drug |
| residential shelter mission local | cohort |
| resting EEG abnormalities local | phenotype |
| reticular formation local | anatomy |
| Reverie local | phenotype |
| reward | phenotype |
| reward deficiency syndrome | phenotype |
| Reward Deprivation Syndrome local | phenotype |
| right temporal cortex | anatomy |
| right-temporal slow-beta coherence local | phenotype |
| Romano-Micha 2003 local | cohort |
| rumination | phenotype |
| Saxby and Peniston 1995 cohort local | cohort |
| Schizoid-avoidant disorder local | phenotype |
| Schneider et al. (1993) local | cohort |
| Scott et al. (2005) study local | cohort |
| ScottβKaiser approach local | drug |
| Scott Kaiser modification local | drug |
| ScottβKaiser modification local | drug |
| ScottβKaiser modification of the Peniston Protocol local | drug |
| ScottβPeniston treatment local | drug |
| Selective attentional focus on drug cues local | phenotype |
| self-actualization local | phenotype |
| septum pediculum local | anatomy |
| serotonin | drug |
| sex | phenotype |
| Sham (placebo) control local | cohort |
| Slow alpha mean frequency local | phenotype |
| slow-beta coherence local | phenotype |
| Slow cortical potential biofeedback local | drug |
| SMR-beta neurofeedback local | drug |
| social adverse outcomes local | phenotype |
| somatosensory cortex | anatomy |
| specific neurophysiological regions local | anatomy |
| Spectral power local | phenotype |
| stimulant | drug |
| stimulant abuse local | drug |
| Stimulant abuse local | drug |
| stimulant dependence | phenotype |
| stimulants | drug |
| stress | phenotype |
| substance abuse | phenotype |
| substance abuse or dependence disorder local | phenotype |
| substance-induced anxiety disorder local | phenotype |
| substance use | phenotype |
| substantia nigra | anatomy |
| Successful quitting | phenotype |
| SUD | phenotype |
| SUD participants local | cohort |
| suggestibility local | phenotype |
| sustained full remission local | phenotype |
| sustained partial remission local | phenotype |
| TBI local | phenotype |
| Temperature biofeedback local | phenotype |
| temperature control biofeedback local | drug |
| Temperature of 94Β°F local | phenotype |
| Temperature training local | drug |
| temporal | anatomy |
| Thalamic nuclei local | anatomy |
| THC | drug |
| THC users local | cohort |
| Therapist local | drug |
| the substance local | drug |
| theta activity | phenotype |
| Theta amplitude local | phenotype |
| theta band | phenotype |
| theta brainwaves local | phenotype |
| theta oscillations | phenotype |
| Topeka VA local | cohort |
| Topeka VA program local | cohort |
| Tourette's syndrome local | phenotype |
| traditional treatment group local | cohort |
| treatment completion | phenotype |
| Treatment duration local | phenotype |
| treatment failure | phenotype |
| Treatment of established efficacy local | drug |
| treatment program local | cohort |
| Treatment progress local | phenotype |
| treatment retention | phenotype |
| Treatment-seeking cocaine abusers local | cohort |
| unipolar depression | phenotype |
| University of Louisville cohort local | cohort |
| VA hospital inpatients local | cohort |
| ventromedial prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| visual ERP local | phenotype |
| Visualizations local | drug |
| visual oddball task | phenotype |
| Voltage of non-alpha frequency bands local | phenotype |
| Wait-list control local | cohort |
| withdrawal | phenotype |
| Withdrawal state local | phenotype |
| worse prognosis | phenotype |
| Years of heroin use local | phenotype |
| Ξ9-THC | drug |
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In this knowledge base
| Title | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|
| EEG coherence related to fMRI resting state synchrony in long-term abstinent alcoholics. | 2018 | 29159061 |
| Advances in Electrophysiological Research. | 2015 | 26259089 |
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| Analyzing EEG data during opium addiction treatment using a fuzzy logic-based machine learning model. | DehAbadi E et al. | β | 2025 | β |
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