The serotonin transporter gene and startle response during nicotine deprivation.

paper Cited Public

Authors: Minnix, Jennifer A; Robinson, Jason D; Lam, Cho Y; Carter, Brian L; Foreman, Jennifer E; Vandenbergh, David J; Tomlinson, Gail E; Wetter, David W; Cinciripini, Paul M
Year: 2011
Journal: Biological psychology
PMID: 20888887
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.09.013
PMCID: PMC3378389

#	Section	Preview
20	Introduction — Laboratory Sessions — Affective slide viewing	Two separate blocks (habituation and test) of trials consisting of 24 slides each were presented…
21	Introduction — Laboratory Sessions — Startle probe presentation	The acoustic startle stimulus consisted of a 50-ms 100-dB presentation of white noise with…
22	Introduction — Laboratory Sessions — Acute nicotine (nasal spray) administration	As described above, each session consisted of a habituation and test block of trials. Participants…
23	Introduction — Laboratory Sessions — Nicotine and cotinine assessment	Salivary samples were obtained on each session (both deprived and non-deprived), 5 minutes after…
24	Results — Participant characteristics	Participant characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Four Asian participants were excluded from…
25	Results — Allele frequency and genotype	Table 2 contains the allele frequencies for the 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms. These frequencies are…
26	Results — Population Stratification	Methods to detect population stratification evaluate data from a set of randomly selected loci…
27	Results — Population Stratification	Rosenberg, & Donnelly, 2000). Our analysis revealed three distinct clusters within our population…
28	Results — Smoking Deprivation, Expired CO, and Saliva Nicotine Levels	Smokers were instructed to abstain from smoking approximately 12 hours prior to a deprived session.…
29	Results — Smoking Deprivation, Expired CO, and Saliva Nicotine Levels	the 10-ppm cut-off range were permitted to participate in the session if they reported at least 10…
30	Results — Smoking Deprivation, Expired CO, and Saliva Nicotine Levels	Saliva nicotine values were also available prior to nicotine spray administration. Saliva nicotine…
31	Results — Statistical Approach	The primary unit of analysis was the mean startle amplitude (peak), computed for each participant,…
32	Results — Genotype and Startle	The primary purpose of this secondary analysis was to evaluate the effects of 5-HTTLPR genotype on…
33	Results — Genotype and Startle	A significant 5-HTTLPR genotype by Spray interaction was observed for both Caucasian (F (2,40) =…
34	Results — Genotype and Startle	The results for the combined sample in the model including race, deprivation, valence, spray, the…
35	Results — Genotype and Startle	Finally, we ran identical analyses (both on each racial group separately and the combined sample)…
36	Discussion	Our results indicated that smokers with the l/l genotype of the 5-HTTLPR gene, compared with smokers…
37	Discussion	If smokers carrying the l/l allele experience greater activation of appetitive (approach/reward)…
38	Discussion	The notion that l/l smokers use nicotine to compensate for serotonergic and deficits is supported by…
39	Discussion	thresholds observed in rats undergoing nicotine withdrawal (Harrison, Liem, & Markou, 2001). Balfour…

Name	Type
12-hour deprived local	phenotype
5-HT	drug
5-HT1A receptor	drug
5-HTTLPR	variant
5-HTTLPR l/l genotype local	variant
acoustic startle response	phenotype
Acoustic startle response (ASR) local	phenotype
Acoustic startle response suppression local	phenotype
acoustic startle stimulus local	phenotype
acute stress	phenotype
adolescents	cohort
affective disorders	phenotype
African American	cohort
African-Americans	cohort
African American smokers local	cohort
African-American smokers local	cohort
alcohol abuse	phenotype
alcoholism	phenotype
amygdala	anatomy
antisense primer local	drug
anxiety	phenotype
anxiety-related disorders local	phenotype
appetite	phenotype
appetitive activation local	phenotype
appetitive motivation local	phenotype
Appetitive motivational system local	phenotype
appetitive pathway activation local	phenotype
Asian	cohort
attention towards angry faces local	phenotype
attention towards happy faces local	phenotype
Aversive motivational system local	phenotype
avoidance of threat related images local	phenotype
baseline cigarettes a day local	phenotype
baseline CO local	phenotype
bias towards positive pictures local	phenotype
bipolar disorder	phenotype
brainstem	anatomy
brain-stimulation reward thresholds local	phenotype
carbon monoxide	drug
Caucasian	cohort
Caucasian participants	cohort
Caucasians	cohort
Caucasian smokers local	cohort
cigarettes	phenotype
CO	drug
cognition	phenotype
cognitive bias for anxiety-related words local	phenotype
combined sample	cohort
cotinine	drug
craving	phenotype
defensive motivation local	phenotype
defensive responding local	phenotype
defensive system activation local	phenotype
depressed inpatients local	cohort
depression	phenotype
depressive affect local	phenotype
depressive symptoms	phenotype
deprivation session local	cohort
Deprivation session local	phenotype
deprived session local	cohort
dimethyl sulfoxide	drug
dNTPs	drug
Emotion	phenotype
emotional reactivity	phenotype
environmental stress	phenotype
fear-potentiated startle response	phenotype
forebrain	anatomy
FTND score	phenotype
genetic loci	cohort
genetic variants	cohort
genomic DNA	drug
hippocampus	anatomy
hormone secretion	phenotype
inhalants	drug
intense processing of fear-related emotional stimuli local	phenotype
International Affective Picture System local	cohort
KCl	drug
l allele	variant
limbic system	anatomy
l/l genotype smokers local	cohort
l/l smoker local	cohort
l/l smokers local	cohort
long allele of 5-HTTLPR local	variant
low serotonin levels local	phenotype
main study sample local	cohort
major depressive disorder	phenotype
mesolimbic system	anatomy
MgCl2	drug
mood disorders	phenotype
motor activity	phenotype
negative affect	phenotype
Negative emotional cues local	phenotype
negative valence	phenotype
neuroticism	phenotype
Neutral valence local	phenotype
never smokers	phenotype
nicotine	drug
Nicotine craving	phenotype
nicotine dependence	phenotype
Nicotine deprivation local	phenotype
nicotine nasal spray	drug
NICOTINE_NASAL_SPRAY local	drug
nicotine withdrawal	phenotype
Non-abstinent participants local	cohort
non-deprived local	phenotype
non-deprived session local	cohort
Non-deprived smokers local	cohort
non-quitter local	cohort
non-smoker local	cohort
nucleus accumbens	anatomy
orbicularis oculi region local	anatomy
Orbicularis oculi region local	anatomy
Other	phenotype
Overnight nicotine deprived smokers local	cohort
participants	cohort
pharmacological treatment	drug
Placebo nasal spray local	drug
PLACEBO_SPRAY local	drug
population stratification	phenotype
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule	phenotype
positive valence	phenotype
prefrontal cortex	anatomy
quitter local	cohort
quitting success	phenotype
race/ethnicity	phenotype
racial groups	cohort
raphe nuclei	anatomy
s allele	cohort
s-carrier smoker local	cohort
schizophrenia	phenotype
Scope mouthwash local	drug
self-reported race local	phenotype
sense primer local	drug
sensory perception local	phenotype
serotonin	drug
serotonin levels local	phenotype
sex	phenotype
sexual behavior	phenotype
short allele of 5-HTTLPR local	variant
SLC6A4	gene
SLC6A4 genotype local	variant
sleep	phenotype
slide valence local	phenotype
smoking	phenotype
smoking abstinence	phenotype
smoking behavior	phenotype
smoking cessation	phenotype
Smoking cues local	phenotype
smoking dependence	phenotype
smoking deprivation local	phenotype
smoking relapse	phenotype
smoking to reduce negative affect local	phenotype
social deprivation	phenotype
startle eye-blink response local	phenotype
Startle inhibition local	phenotype
Startle potentiation local	phenotype
startle responding local	phenotype
startle response local	phenotype
Startle response local	phenotype
startle suppression local	phenotype
stressful life events	phenotype
Taq DNA polymerase local	drug
temperature regulation	phenotype
Tris-HCl	drug
volunteers	cohort
white noise local	drug
withdrawal	phenotype
withdrawal induced cigarette craving local	phenotype
years as a smoker local	phenotype

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The serotonin transporter gene and startle response during nicotine deprivation.

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