The clinical course of antisocial behaviors in men and women of three racial groups.
paper
Primary
Public
- Authors
- Ehlers, Cindy L; Schuckit, Marc A; Hesselbrock, Victor; Gilder, David A; Wills, Derek; Bucholz, Kathleen
- Year
- 2022
- Journal
- Journal of psychiatric research
- PMID
- 35533515
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.04.038
- PMCID
- PMC9744109
AIMS: To describe the clinical course and symptom profile of DSM-IV Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) and the syndrome of Adult Antisocial Behavior Syndrome (AABS) and determine if they differ based on sex and race. METHODS: Using questions from a validated semi-structured interview, data were gathered from 2 independent family studies in: 1) American Indians (AI), and 2) European Americans (EA), African Americans (AA) (total n = 7171) who reported antisocial symptoms. RESULTS: Within these two samples 1148 (16%) individuals met ASPD criteria, 1932 (27%) met adult ASPD but not childhood conduct disorder (CD) (i.e., AABS). The clinical course of the antisocial behaviors studied did not differ based on race or sex; however, individual symptom counts, and age of onsets of those symptoms, were significantly different across the groups. Women reported fewer symptoms and at an older age (less fights, school suspensions/expulsions, arrests or jail time), than men but were more likely to run away from home. Those with ASPD vs. AABS had more symptoms overall including not experiencing remorse. AA and AI participants and those with ASPD, had more symptoms, and were more likely to be suspended/expelled from school and arrested at a younger age than EA. CONCLUSION: In these select samples, the order and sequence of antisocial behaviors did not differ by race, AASB vs. ASPD, or sex; however individual symptom endorsement did, with men (vs. women), those with ASPD (vs. AABS), AI and AA (vs. EA) reporting more suspensions/expulsions from school and arrests. This suggests further study of the possible role of race and sex in the consequences associated with antisocial syndromes is warranted.
No figures extracted from this document.
← Prev
21–37 of 37
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 3080 participants local | cohort |
| AABS local | cohort |
| AA participants | cohort |
| adolescent limited local | phenotype |
| adolescents | cohort |
| adult antisocial behavior | phenotype |
| Adult antisocial behavioral syndrome local | phenotype |
| adults | cohort |
| African American | cohort |
| African Caribbean local | cohort |
| age | phenotype |
| aggression | phenotype |
| Aggressive acts local | phenotype |
| AI participants local | cohort |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| Alcohol Use Disorder | phenotype |
| alcohol use disorders | phenotype |
| American Indians | cohort |
| Antisocial acts involving police local | phenotype |
| Antisocial acts not involving police local | phenotype |
| antisocial events local | phenotype |
| Antisocial girls local | cohort |
| antisocial life problems local | phenotype |
| antisocial personality disorder | phenotype |
| Antisocial symptom count local | phenotype |
| Antisocial symptom counts local | phenotype |
| Antisocial syndromes local | phenotype |
| arrest | phenotype |
| arrests | phenotype |
| Arrests for antisocial behaviors local | phenotype |
| Asian | cohort |
| ASPD | phenotype |
| ASPD symptoms local | phenotype |
| Blaming others for their troubles or mistakes local | phenotype |
| bullying | phenotype |
| callous unemotional traits local | phenotype |
| Callous-unemotional traits local | phenotype |
| CD | phenotype |
| Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) | cohort |
| conduct disorder | phenotype |
| convicted felonies local | phenotype |
| correctional settings local | cohort |
| Criminal behaviors local | phenotype |
| cruelty to animals local | phenotype |
| Cruelty to animals local | phenotype |
| Damaging property local | phenotype |
| Dark triads local | phenotype |
| defiance | phenotype |
| discipline disparities local | phenotype |
| EA heritage local | cohort |
| EA participants | cohort |
| early childhood onset local | phenotype |
| Epidemiological Catchment Area survey local | cohort |
| Euro-American local | cohort |
| Euro-Americans local | cohort |
| EuroAmericans local | cohort |
| European ancestry | cohort |
| failed family responsibilities local | phenotype |
| Failed family responsibility local | phenotype |
| failed financial responsibilities local | phenotype |
| Failed financial responsibilities local | phenotype |
| Failed financial responsibility local | phenotype |
| family history of alcoholism | phenotype |
| Family responsibilities local | phenotype |
| fearlessness local | phenotype |
| female participants | cohort |
| Female prisoners local | cohort |
| Fewer years of education local | phenotype |
| fighting | phenotype |
| fire setting local | phenotype |
| forging checks local | phenotype |
| Functional Family Therapy local | drug |
| guilt | phenotype |
| Guilt/remorse local | phenotype |
| hepatitis C local | phenotype |
| high risk males local | cohort |
| Hispanic | phenotype |
| History of being arrested local | phenotype |
| Hitting or attacking someone local | phenotype |
| hitting someone local | phenotype |
| Hitting someone local | phenotype |
| HIV infection | phenotype |
| homelessness | phenotype |
| impulsivity | phenotype |
| incarcerated men and women local | cohort |
| incarceration | phenotype |
| injuring people local | phenotype |
| Inpatients local | cohort |
| jail local | phenotype |
| larger community samples of adults local | cohort |
| late onset | phenotype |
| Later onset of conduct problems local | phenotype |
| Losing temper local | phenotype |
| Lower economic status local | phenotype |
| lying local | phenotype |
| Lying local | phenotype |
| male participants | cohort |
| Male prisoners local | cohort |
| men | cohort |
| mood disorders | phenotype |
| Multisystemic Therapy local | drug |
| National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions | cohort |
| NESARC | cohort |
| Neuro-developmental disorders local | phenotype |
| No place to live local | phenotype |
| Omega-3 supplementation local | drug |
| other substances | phenotype |
| outpatients | cohort |
| Overall symptom counts local | phenotype |
| Primary diagnosis local | phenotype |
| prodromal symptoms | phenotype |
| psychopathy | phenotype |
| race/ethnicity | phenotype |
| racial groups | cohort |
| recreational drug local | drug |
| Remorse | phenotype |
| robbery | phenotype |
| rules violations local | phenotype |
| run away from home local | phenotype |
| Running away local | phenotype |
| running away from home local | phenotype |
| Running away from home local | phenotype |
| School expulsions local | phenotype |
| school suspension local | phenotype |
| school suspension/expulsion local | phenotype |
| School suspension/expulsion local | phenotype |
| School suspensions/expulsions local | phenotype |
| Secondary diagnosis local | phenotype |
| sex | phenotype |
| Spent time in jail local | phenotype |
| stealing local | phenotype |
| Stealing local | phenotype |
| substance use | phenotype |
| suicide | phenotype |
| Suspended/Expelled from school local | phenotype |
| Suspended or expelled local | phenotype |
| suspended or expelled from school local | phenotype |
| temper tantrums | phenotype |
| traumatic injuries local | phenotype |
| Used weapon local | phenotype |
| use of force local | phenotype |
| using a weapon local | phenotype |
| US population | cohort |
| U.S. racial/ethnic groups local | cohort |
| whites | cohort |
| women | cohort |
No uploaded files.
Not in any collection.
| Citation | PMID | DOI | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| BjornebekkG, Morkrid ThogersenD, 2021. Possible Interventions for Preventing the Development of Psychopathic Traits among Children and Adolescents? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 19(1). 10.3390/ijerph19010409PMC874502135010668 | — | — | — |
| BlackDW, 2015. The Natural History of Antisocial Personality Disorder. Can. J. Psychiatry 60(7), 309–314. 10.1177/07067437150600070326175389PMC4500180 | — | — | — |
| BlackDW, BaumgardCH, BellSE, KaoC, 1996. Death rates in 71 men with antisocial personality disorder. A comparison with general population mortality. Psychosomatics 37(2), 131–136. 10.1016/S0033-3182(96)71579-78742541 | — | — | — |
| BlackDW, BraunD, 1998. Antisocial patients: a comparison of those with and those without childhood conduct disorder. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry 10(2), 53–57. 10.1023/a:10261109150879669536 | — | — | — |
| BlackDW, GunterT, LovelessP, AllenJ, SieleniB, 2010. Antisocial personality disorder in incarcerated offenders: Psychiatric comorbidity and quality of life. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry 22(2), 113–120.20445838 | — | — | — |
| BlairRJ, LeibenluftE, PineDS, 2014. Conduct disorder and callous-unemotional traits in youth. N. Engl. J. Med 371(23), 2207–2216. 10.1056/NEJMra131561225470696PMC6312699 | — | — | — |
| BlonigenDM, HicksBM, KruegerRF, PatrickCJ, IaconoWG, 2006. Continuity and change in psychopathic traits as measured via normal-range personality: a longitudinal-biometric study. J. Abnorm. Psychol 115(1), 85–95. 10.1037/0021-843X.115.1.8516492099PMC2242626 | — | — | — |
| BrazilIA, van DongenJDM, MaesJHR, MarsRB, Baskin-SommersAR, 2018. Classification and treatment of antisocial individuals: From behavior to biocognition. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev 91, 259–277. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.01027760372 | — | — | — |
| BroonerRK, GreenfieldL, SchmidtCW, BigelowGE, 1993. Antisocial personality disorder and HIV infection among intravenous drug abusers. Am. J. Psychiatry 150(1), 53–58. 10.1176/ajp.150.1.538417580 | — | — | — |
| BrownCA, 2014. Discipline Disproportionality among American Indian Students: Expanding the Discourse. Journal of American Indian Education 53(2), 29–47. | — | — | — |
| BucholzKK, CadoretR, CloningerCR, DinwiddieSH, HesselbrockVM, NurnbergerJIJr., ReichT, SchmidtI, SchuckitMA, 1994. A new, semi-structured psychiatric interview for use in genetic linkage studies: a report on the reliability of the SSAGA. J. Stud. Alcohol 55(2), 149–158.818973510.15288/jsa.1994.55.149 | — | — | — |
| CampJP, SkeemJL, BarchardK, LilienfeldSO, PoythressNG, 2013. Psychopathic predators? Getting specific about the relation between psychopathy and violence. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol 81(3), 467–480. 10.1037/a003134923316742PMC3978196 | — | — | — |
| CleckleyHM, 1951. The mask of sanity. Postgrad. Med 9(3), 193–197.1480790410.1080/00325481.1951.11694097 | — | — | — |
| ComptonWM, ConwayKP, StinsonFS, ColliverJD, GrantBF, 2005. Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of DSM-IV antisocial personality syndromes and alcohol and specific drug use disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J. Clin. Psychiatry 66(6), 677–685. 10.4088/jcp.v66n060215960559 | — | — | — |
| DeLisiM, 2016. Psychopathy as unified theory of crime. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. | — | — | — |
| EhlersCL, GilderDA, WallTL, PhillipsE, FeilerH, WilhelmsenKC, 2004a. Genomic screen for loci associated with alcohol dependence in Mission Indians. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet 129B(1), 110–115. 10.1002/ajmg.b.3005715274051 | — | — | — |
| EhlersCL, GizerIR, VietenC, GilderA, GilderDA, StoufferGM, LauP, WilhelmsenKC, 2010. Age at regular drinking, clinical course, and heritability of alcohol dependence in the San Francisco family study: a gender analysis. Am J Addict. 19(2), 101–110.2016338110.1111/j.1521-0391.2009.00021.xPMC2835733 | — | — | — |
| EhlersCL, StoufferGM, CoreyL, GilderDA, 2015. The clinical course of DSM-5 alcohol use disorders in young adult native and Mexican Americans. Am. J. Addict 24(8), 713–721. 10.1111/ajad.1229026346282PMC4715470 | — | — | — |
| EhlersCL, WallTL, BetancourtM, GilderDA, 2004b. The clinical course of alcoholism in 243 Mission Indians. Am. J. Psychiatry 161(7), 1204–1210. 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.7.120415229052 | — | — | — |
| FairchildG, van GoozenSH, CalderAJ, GoodyerIM, 2013. Research review: evaluating and reformulating the developmental taxonomic theory of antisocial behaviour. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 54(9), 924–940. 10.1111/jcpp.1210223826820PMC3916888 | — | — | — |
| FantiKA, 2018. Understanding heterogeneity in conduct disorder: A review of psychophysiological studies. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev 91, 4–20. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.02227693700 | — | — | — |
| FazelS, DaneshJ, 2002. Serious mental disorder in 23000 prisoners: a systematic review of 62 surveys. Lancet 359(9306), 545–550. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07740-111867106 | — | — | — |
| FisherKA, HanyM, 2022. Antisocial Personality Disorder, StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL). | — | — | — |
| FrickPJ, RayJV, ThorntonLC, KahnRE, 2014. Annual research review: A developmental psychopathology approach to understanding callous-unemotional traits in children and adolescents with serious conduct problems. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 55(6), 532–548. 10.1111/jcpp.1215224117854 | — | — | — |
| GarbHN, 2021. Race bias and gender bias in the diagnosis of psychological disorders. Clin. Psychol. Rev 90, 102087. 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.10208734655834 | — | — | — |
| GlennAL, JohnsonAK, RaineA, 2013. Antisocial personality disorder: a current review. Curr Psychiatry Rep 15(12), 427. 10.1007/s11920-013-0427-724249521 | — | — | — |
| GoldsteinRB, ChouSP, SahaTD, SmithSM, JungJ, ZhangH, PickeringRP, RuanWJ, HuangB, GrantBF, 2017. The Epidemiology of Antisocial Behavioral Syndromes in Adulthood: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. J. Clin. Psychiatry 78(1), 90–98. 10.4088/JCP.15m1035827035627PMC5025322 | — | — | — |
| GrantBF, HasinDS, StinsonFS, DawsonDA, ChouSP, RuanWJ, PickeringRP, 2004. Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J. Clin. Psychiatry 65(7), 948–958. 10.4088/jcp.v65n071115291684 | — | — | — |
| GregoryJF, 1995. The Crime of Punishment: Racial and Gender Disparities in the use of Corporal Punishment in U.S. Public Schools. The Journal of Negro Education 64(4), 454–462. 10.2307/2967267 | — | — | — |
| GuzeSB, 1976. Criminality and psychiatric disorders. Oxford University Press, New York. | — | — | — |
| HesselbrockM, EastonC, BucholzKK, SchuckitM, HesselbrockV, 1999. A validity study of the SSAGA--a comparison with the SCAN. Addiction 94(9), 1361–1370. 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94913618.x10615721 | — | — | — |
| HesselbrockVM, SegalB, HesselbrockMN, 2000. Alcohol dependence among Alaska Natives entering alcoholism treatment: a gender comparison. J. Stud. Alcohol 61(1), 150–156.1062710910.15288/jsa.2000.61.150 | — | — | — |
| JavdaniS, SadehN, VeronaE, 2011. Gendered social forces: A review of the impact of institutionalized factors on women and girls' criminal justice trajectories. Psychol. Public Policy Law 17(2), 161–211. 10.1037/a0021957 | — | — | — |
| JolliffeD, FarringtonDP, PiqueroAR, LoeberR, HillKG, 2017. Systematic review of early risk factors for life-course-persistent, adolescence-limited, and late-onset offenders in prospective longitudinal studies. Aggress Violent Behav 33, 15–23. 10.1016/j.avb.2017.01.00929200931PMC5708553 | — | — | — |
| Kim-CohenJ, MoffittTE, TaylorA, PawlbySJ, CaspiA, 2005. Maternal depression and children's antisocial behavior: nature and nurture effects. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62(2), 173–181. 10.1001/archpsyc.62.2.17315699294 | — | — | — |
| KinslerJ, 2011. Understanding the black–white school discipline gap. Economics of Education Review 30(6), 1370–1383. 10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.07.004 | — | — | — |
| KonradK, KohlsG, BaumannS, BernhardA, MartinelliA, AckermannK, SmaragdiA, Gonzalez-MadrugaK, WellsA, RogersJC, PauliR, ClantonR, BakerR, KerstenL, PratzlichM, OldenhofH, JansenL, KleevenA, BigorraA, HervasA, Kerexeta-LizeagaI, Sesma-PardoE, Angel Gonzalez-TorresM, SiklosiR, DochnalR, KalogerakisZ, PirlympouM, PapadakosL, CornwellH, ScharkeW, DikeosD, Fernandez-RivasA, PopmaA, StadlerC, Herpertz-DahlmannB, De BritoSA, FairchildG, FreitagCM, 2022. Sex differences in psychiatric comorbidity and clinical presentation in youths with conduct disorder. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 63(2), 218–228. 10.1111/jcpp.1342834008879 | — | — | — |
| KowalskiCM, RogozaR, SaklofskeDH, SchermerJA, 2021. Dark triads, tetrads, tents, and cores: Why navigate (research) the jungle of dark personality models without a compass (criterion)? Acta Psychol. (Amst.) 221, 103455. 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.10345534864320 | — | — | — |
| KrasnovaA, EatonWW, SamuelsJF, 2019. Antisocial personality and risks of cause-specific mortality: results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study with 27 years of follow-up. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol 54(5), 617–625. 10.1007/s00127-018-1628-530506390 | — | — | — |
| LangbehnDR, CadoretRJ, 2001. The adult antisocial syndrome with and without antecedent conduct disorder: comparisons from an adoption study. Compr. Psychiatry 42(4), 272–282. 10.1053/comp.2001.2457911458301 | — | — | — |
| LilienfeldSO, 1998. Methodological advances and developments in the assessment of psychopathy. Behav. Res. Ther 36(1), 99–125. 10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10021-39613020 | — | — | — |
| LoeberR, BurkeJD, 2011. Developmental Pathways in Juvenile Externalizing and Internalizing Problems. J. Res. Adolesc 21(1), 34–46. 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00713.x22468115PMC3314340 | — | — | — |
| LynamDR, MillerJD, 2015. Psychopathy from a Basic Trait Perspective: The Utility of a Five-Factor Model Approach. J. Pers 83(6), 611–626. 10.1111/jopy.1213225204751 | — | — | — |
| MarmorsteinNR, 2006. Adult antisocial behaviour without conduct disorder: demographic characteristics and risk for cooccurring psychopathology. Can. J. Psychiatry 51(4), 226–233. 10.1177/07067437060510040416629347 | — | — | — |
| MarmorsteinNR, IaconoWG, 2005. Longitudinal follow-up of adolescents with late-onset antisocial behavior: a pathological yet overlooked group. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 44(12), 1284–1291. 10.1097/01.chi.0000181039.75842.8516292121 | — | — | — |
| MartinRL, CloningerCR, GuzeSB, ClaytonPJ, 1985. Mortality in a follow-up of 500 psychiatric outpatients. I. Total mortality. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 42(1), 47–54. 10.1001/archpsyc.1985.017902400490053966852 | — | — | — |
| MiktonC, GroundsA, 2007. Cross-cultural clinical judgment bias in personality disorder diagnosis by forensic psychiatrists in the UK: a case-vignette study. J Pers Disord 21(4), 400–417. 10.1521/pedi.2007.21.4.40017685836 | — | — | — |
| MintonTD, GolinelliD, 2014. Jail Inmates at Midyear 2013 - Statistical Tables (Revised), in: Statistics, B.o.J. (Ed.). Office of Justice Programs, pp. 1–16. | — | — | — |
| Montane-JaimeLK, ShafeS, JosephR, MooreS, GilderDA, CrooksH, RamcharanC, EhlersCL, 2008. The clinical course of alcoholism in Trinidad and Tobago. J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 69(6), 834–839. 10.15288/jsad.2008.69.83418925341PMC2583374 | — | — | — |
| NockMK, KazdinAE, HiripiE, KesslerRC, 2006. Prevalence, subtypes, and correlates of DSM-IV conduct disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychol. Med 36(5), 699–710. 10.1017/S003329170600708216438742PMC1925033 | — | — | — |
| RaineA, 2018. Antisocial Personality as a Neurodevelopmental Disorder. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol 14, 259–289. 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-08481929401045 | — | — | — |
| RaineA, CheneyRA, HoR, PortnoyJ, LiuJ, SoyferL, HibbelnJ, RichmondTS, 2016. Nutritional supplementation to reduce child aggression: a randomized, stratified, single-blind, factorial trial. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 57(9), 1038–1046. 10.1111/jcpp.1256527166583PMC10234432 | — | — | — |
| RaineA, FungALC, GaoY, LeeTMC, 2021. Omega-3 supplementation, child antisocial behavior, and psychopathic personality: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, stratified, parallel group trial. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 30(2), 303–312. 10.1007/s00787-020-01513-832222821 | — | — | — |
| RegierDA, FarmerME, RaeDS, LockeBZ, KeithSJ, JuddLL, GoodwinFK, 1990. Co-morbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. JAMA 264(19), 2511–2518.2232018 | — | — | — |
| RiddleT, SinclairS, 2019. Racial disparities in school-based disciplinary actions are associated with county-level rates of racial bias. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 116(17), 8255–8260. 10.1073/pnas.180830711630940747PMC6486724 | — | — | — |
| RobinsLN, 1966. Deviant children grown up; a sociological and psychiatric study of sociopathic personality. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore,. | — | — | — |
| RobinsLN, 1978. Sturdy childhood predictors of adult antisocial behaviour: replications from longitudinal studies. Psychol. Med 8(4), 611–622. 10.1017/s0033291700018821724874 | — | — | — |
| RobinsLN, RegierDA, 1991. Psychiatric disorders in America: the epidemiologic catchment area study. The Free Press, New York. | — | — | — |
| RubinDH, 2020. Editorial: Evolving Understanding of Conduct Disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 59(2), 225–226. 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.06.02031843566 | — | — | — |
| SchuckitMA, AnthenelliRM, BucholzKK, HesselbrockVM, TippJ, 1995. The time course of development of alcohol-related problems in men and women. J. Stud. Alcohol 56(2), 218–225. 10.15288/jsa.1995.56.2187760569 | — | — | — |
| SchuckitMA, SmithTL, AnthenelliR, IrwinM, 1993. Clinical course of alcoholism in 636 male inpatients. Am. J. Psychiatry 150(5), 786–792. 10.1176/ajp.150.5.7868480826 | — | — | — |
| SchuckitMA, SmithTL, DankoGP, ReichT, BucholzKK, BierutLJ, 2002. Similarities in the clinical characteristics related to alcohol dependence in two populations. Am. J. Addict 11(1), 1–9. 10.1080/1055049025280159411876579 | — | — | — |
| ScottDM, WilliamsCD, CainGE, KwagyanJ, KaluN, EhlersCL, HesselbrockV, TaylorRE, 2008. Clinical course of alcohol dependence in African Americans. J. Addict. Dis 27(4), 43–50. 10.1080/1055088080232475419042590 | — | — | — |
| SherL, SieverLJ, GoodmanM, McNamaraM, HazlettEA, KoenigsbergHW, NewAS, 2015. Gender differences in the clinical characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity in patients with antisocial personality disorder. Psychiatry Res. 229(3), 685–689. 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.08.02226296756 | — | — | — |
| SilverthornP, FrickPJ, 1999. Developmental pathways to antisocial behavior: the delayed-onset pathway in girls. Dev. Psychopathol 11(1), 101–126. 10.1017/s095457949900197210208358 | — | — | — |
| SkibaRJ, HornerRH, ChungC-G, RauschMK, MaySL, TobinT, 2011. Race is not neutral: A national investigation of African American and Latino disproportionality in school discipline. School Psych. Rev 40(1), 85–107. | — | — | — |
| SkibaRJ, MichaelRS, NardoAC, PetersonRL, 2002. The Color of Discipline: Sources of Racial and Gender Disproportionality in School Punishment. The Urban Review 34(4), 317–342. 10.1023/a:1021320817372 | — | — | — |
| TullyJ, FreyA, FotiadouM, KollaNJ, EisenbarthH, 2021. Psychopathy in women: insights from neuroscience and ways forward for research. CNS Spectr, 1–13. 10.1017/S109285292100108534906266 | — | — | — |
| TweedJL, GeorgeLK, BlazerD, SwartzM, MacMillanJ, 1994. Adult Onset of Severe and Pervasive Antisocial Behavior: A Distinct Syndrome? Journal of Personality Disorders 8(3), 192–202. 10.1521/pedi.1994.8.3.192 | — | — | — |
| UllrichS, CoidJ, 2009. Antisocial personality disorder: Co-morbid Axis I mental disorders and health service use among a national household population. Personality and Mental Health 3(3), 151–164. 10.1002/pmh.70 | — | — | — |
| VogelM, PorterLC, 2016. Toward a Demographic Understanding of Incarceration Disparities: Race, Ethnicity, and Age Structure. J Quant Criminol 32(4), 515–530. 10.1007/s10940-015-9265-627928196PMC5106500 | — | — | — |
| WallerR, HydeLW, 2018. Callous-unemotional behaviors in early childhood: the development of empathy and prosociality gone awry. Curr Opin Psychol 20, 11–16. 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.03728822897PMC5965673 | — | — | — |
| WalmsleyR, 2017. World female imprisonment list, Women and girls in penal institutions, including pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners, Fourth edition ed. Institute for Criminal Policy Research, Birkbeck University of London, pp. 1–13. | — | — | — |
| WoodruffRAJr., GuzeSB, ClaytonPJ, 1971. The medical and psychiatric implications of antisocial personality (sociopathy). Dis. Nerv. Syst 32(10), 712–714.5146430 | — | — | — |
| ZimmermanM, CoryellW, 1989. DSM-III personality disorder diagnoses in a nonpatient sample. Demographic correlates and comorbidity. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46(8), 682–689. 10.1001/archpsyc.1989.018100800120022751402 | — | — | — |
No papers in this knowledge base cite this source.
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High prevalence of alcohol use disorders in 454 young adult offspring from the San Diego prospective study. | Schuckit MA et al. | — | 2025 | → |