Cannabinoid receptor 1 gene polymorphisms and marijuana misuse interactions on white matter and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.

paper Cited Public

Authors: Ho, Beng-Choon; Wassink, Thomas H; Ziebell, Steven; Andreasen, Nancy C
Year: 2011
Journal: Schizophrenia research
PMID: 21420833
DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.02.021
PMCID: PMC3085576

#	Section	Preview
0	1. Introduction	Marijuana use during early adolescence has been associated with two-fold increased risk for…
1	1. Introduction	Although the association between adolescent marijuana use and subsequent schizophrenia is…
2	1. Introduction	and lead to increased schizophrenia risk (e.g. (Murray, Morrison, Henquet, & Di Forti, 2007)). A…
3	1. Introduction	The effects of exogenous cannabis and endocannabinoids are mediated by cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1;…
4	2. Patients and Methods — 2.1 Subjects	Two hundred and thirty-five patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders were recruited through…
5	2. Patients and Methods — 2.2 Substance Use	Alcohol and illicit drug use was assessed using the CASH interview. Information from multiple…
6	2. Patients and Methods — 2.2 Substance Use	Almost half the sample (N=106) had no prior marijuana exposure. Approximately one-third (N=77) had…
7	2. Patients and Methods — 2.3 Selection of CNR1 SNPs and Genotyping	In this study, we investigated tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) so as to maximally…
8	2. Patients and Methods — 2.3 Selection of CNR1 SNPs and Genotyping	tSNPs. Illumina utilizes their proprietary GenCall data analysis software to ascertain quality and…
9	2. Patients and Methods — 2.4 MRI Acquisition and Image Processing	High-resolution morphometric brain MR data were collected using one of two imaging protocols. For…
10	2. Patients and Methods — 2.4 MRI Acquisition and Image Processing	T1 sequence was obtained as a 3D volume in the coronal plane using a FLASH sequence with the…
11	2. Patients and Methods — 2.4 MRI Acquisition and Image Processing	MR images were processed using our locally developed BRAINS2 (Brain Research: Analysis of Images,…
12	2. Patients and Methods — 2.4 MRI Acquisition and Image Processing	(Andreasen et al., 1996). To further classify tissue volumes into gray matter (GM), white matter…
13	2. Patients and Methods — 2.4 MRI Acquisition and Image Processing	To enhance MR5 and MR6 data compatibility, MR6 scans were re-sampled into the same resolution and…
14	2. Patients and Methods — 2.5 Neurocognitive Assessment	All patients except 13 also underwent neurocognitive assessment administered by psychometrists who…
15	2. Patients and Methods — 2.5 Neurocognitive Assessment	Full scale IQ scores were derived from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Revised Edition…
16	2. Patients and Methods — 2.5 Neurocognitive Assessment	comprised of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) number of categories attained, WCST number of…
17	2. Patients and Methods — 2.6 Statistical analyses	Analyses were performed using Haploview (Barrett et al., 2005) and SAS software (version 9.2; SAS…
18	2. Patients and Methods — 2.6 Statistical analyses	To assess brain volume-CNR1 relationships, statistical analyses were conducted in stages to reduce…
19	2. Patients and Methods — 2.6 Statistical analyses	across patients with versus patients without marijuana abuse/dependence. In each follow-up ANCOVA,…

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