Fronto-temporal dysfunction in schizophrenia: A selective review.

paper Cited Public

Authors: John, John P
Year: 2009
Journal: Indian journal of psychiatry
PMID: 19881045
DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.55084
PMCID: PMC2772233

Schizophrenia is conceptualized as a disorder of aberrant neurodevelopment, with evident stigmata such as minor physical anomalies (MPA), neurological soft signs (NSS), and abnormalities of brain structure and function, proposed as disease endophenotypes. We have examined the neurobiology of schizophrenia using neurodevelopmental markers, structural MRI (sMRI), EEG spectral power, and coherence as well as neuropsychological testing in neuroleptic-naïve, recent-onset schizophrenia (NRS) subjects. It has been our focus to link the positive and negative symptom dimensions of schizophrenia with their underlying neural correlates specifically reflecting fronto-temporal circuitry dysfunction. We found that MPAs and NSSs constituted independent neurodevelopmental markers of schizophrenia and would afford greater predictive validity when used as a composite endophenotype. In an exploratory factor analytic study of the dimensionality of psychopathology, we noted that the symptoms segregated into three dimensions, viz., positive, negative, and disorganization, even in NRS subjects. Executive function tests as well as EEG spectral power and coherence studies revealed that the symptom dimensions of schizophrenia could be linked to specific neural correlates. In an attempt to study the relationship between the symptom dimensions and brain structure and function using MRI, we have proposed neuroanatomical definitions with cytoarchitectonic meaning for parcellation of the prefrontal sub-divisions. Using sMRI, we have found specific corpus callosal abnormalities that possibly link the temporo-parietal association cortices with the positive symptom dimension. Recently, we also found evidence for neurodevelopmental deviance in schizophrenia possibly involving the frontal pole (FP)-driven cortical network, in a sMRI study linking FP volume and total brain volume with age in NRS subjects and age-, gender- and education-matched healthy subjects. Overall, our findings highlight the potential significance of linking the homogeneous symptom dimensions of schizophrenia with dysfunctional connectivity in the fronto-temporal region.

#	Section	Preview
0	INTRODUCTION	Frontal and temporal lobes have received the maximum attention of researchers working in the area of…
1	INTRODUCTION	which link the sub-divisions of the PFC with the striatum, pallidum, substantia nigra pars…
2	IS SCHIZOPHRENIA A DISORDER INVOLVING FRONTO-TEMPORAL DYSFUNCTION?	The PFC is a heterogeneous region comprising several areas that are distinct at the…
3	IS SCHIZOPHRENIA A DISORDER INVOLVING FRONTO-TEMPORAL DYSFUNCTION?	dysfunction observed in the group of conditions which we collectively refer to as schizophrenia. The…
4	OVERLAP BETWEEN PREFRONTAL AND TEMPORAL BEHAVIORAL SYNDROMES AND SYMPTOM DIMENSIONS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA — Temporo-limbic syndromes	The temporolimbic system theory of schizophrenia that links abnormalities of the medial temporal…
5	OVERLAP BETWEEN PREFRONTAL AND TEMPORAL BEHAVIORAL SYNDROMES AND SYMPTOM DIMENSIONS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA — Temporo-limbic syndromes	Lesions involving the medial temporal lobe (e.g. herpes simplex encephalitis, medial temporal lobe…
6	OVERLAP BETWEEN PREFRONTAL AND TEMPORAL BEHAVIORAL SYNDROMES AND SYMPTOM DIMENSIONS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA — Temporo-limbic syndromes	Schizophrenia is a phenotypically heterogeneous condition with varying presentations ranging from…
7	OVERLAP BETWEEN PREFRONTAL AND TEMPORAL BEHAVIORAL SYNDROMES AND SYMPTOM DIMENSIONS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA — Temporo-limbic syndromes	I detail here the research that we have carried out at the National Institute of Mental Health and…
8	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA	Almost all the studies done on chronic medicated schizophrenia patients using the Scale for the…
9	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA	and Kaiser normalization. Three components with eigen value>1 were extracted, viz., negative…
10	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA — Relationship between symptom dimensions of schizophrenia and executive dysfunction	Generalized neuropsychological deficits as well as region- specific impairments localizable to the…
11	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA — Relationship between symptom dimensions of schizophrenia and executive dysfunction	impairment of performance on any of the frontal lobe tests administered. Disorganization dimension…
12	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA — EEG spectral profiles of positive and negative symptom sub-groups in neuroleptic-naïve patients with recent-onset schizophrenia	Quantitative electroencephalogram abnormalities have been frequently reported in schizophrenia.[33]…
13	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA — EEG spectral profiles of positive and negative symptom sub-groups in neuroleptic-naïve patients with recent-onset schizophrenia	The higher alpha1 power noted in the resting state in the PS subgroup can be inferred to indicate…
14	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA — EEG spectral profiles of positive and negative symptom sub-groups in neuroleptic-naïve patients with recent-onset schizophrenia	A limitation of the above study was the relatively small sample size of the PS (n=10) and NS (n=9)…
15	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA — Relationship between EEG alpha coherence and symptom dimensions of schizophrenia	EEG spectral coherence analysis provides a non-invasive approach for studying cortico-cortical…
16	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA — Relationship between EEG alpha coherence and symptom dimensions of schizophrenia	We examined the relationship between the three symptom dimensions and EEG alpha coherence in 37…
17	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA — Predictive validity of neurodevelopmental markers (MPAs and NSS) as a composite endophenotype of schizophrenia and its relationship with symptom dimensions	Schizophrenia is conceptualized as a neurodevelopmental disorder[43] with manifest anomalies of…
18	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA — Predictive validity of neurodevelopmental markers (MPAs and NSS) as a composite endophenotype of schizophrenia and its relationship with symptom dimensions	MPA and NSS in combination may prove to be a more robust endophenotype of schizophrenia, providing a…
19	DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH RECENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA — Predictive validity of neurodevelopmental markers (MPAs and NSS) as a composite endophenotype of schizophrenia and its relationship with symptom dimensions	of MPAs predicted higher positive symptoms, negative symptoms, general psychopathology, as well as…

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