The Impact of Peer Substance Use and Polygenic Risk on Trajectories of Heavy Episodic Drinking Across Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood.
- Authors
- Li, James J; Cho, Seung Bin; Salvatore, Jessica E; Edenberg, Howard J; Agrawal, Arpana; Chorlian, David B; Porjesz, Bernice; Hesselbrock, Victor; COGA Investigators; Dick, Danielle M
- Year
- 2017
- Journal
- Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research
- PMID
- 27991676
- DOI
- 10.1111/acer.13282
- PMCID
- PMC5205549
BACKGROUND: Heavy episodic drinking is developmentally normative among adolescents and young adults, but is linked to adverse consequences in later life, such as drug and alcohol dependence. Genetic and peer influences are robust predictors of heavy episodic drinking in youth, but little is known about the interplay between polygenic risk and peer influences as they impact developmental patterns of heavy episodic drinking. METHODS: Data were from a multisite prospective study of alcohol use among adolescents and young adults with genome-wide association data (n = 412). Generalized linear mixed models were used to characterize the initial status and slopes of heavy episodic drinking between age 15 and 28. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were derived from a separate genome-wide association study for alcohol dependence and examined for their interaction with substance use among the adolescents' closest friends in predicting the initial status and slopes of heavy episodic drinking. RESULTS: Close friend substance use was a robust predictor of adolescent heavy episodic drinking, even after controlling for parental knowledge and peer substance use in the school. PRS were predictive of the initial status and early patterns of heavy episodic drinking in males, but not in females. No interaction was detected between PRS and close friend substance use for heavy episodic drinking trajectories in either males or females. CONCLUSIONS: Although substance use among close friends and genetic influences play an important role in predicting heavy episodic drinking trajectories, particularly during the late adolescent to early adult years, we found no evidence of interaction between these influences after controlling for other social processes, such as parental knowledge and broader substance use among other peers outside of close friends. The use of longitudinal models and accounting for multiple social influences may be crucial for future studies focused on uncovering gene-environment interplay. Clinical implications are also discussed.
Variance in heavy episodic drinking (initial status) explained by PRS at each p-value threshold
Longitudinal gene-environment interaction modelNote. HED = heavy episodic drinking; PRS = polygenic risk scores; SU = substance use
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| ADH1B | gene |
| Adolescent alcohol use behaviors local | phenotype |
| adolescents | cohort |
| adult alcohol use problems local | phenotype |
| Adult alcohol use problems local | phenotype |
| adult drug and alcohol dependence local | phenotype |
| Adult drug and alcohol dependence local | phenotype |
| Adult European-American subsample local | cohort |
| adulthood | cohort |
| Age 17.5 local | cohort |
| Age 19.5 local | cohort |
| Age 23.5 local | cohort |
| Age 25.5 local | cohort |
| Age 27.5 local | cohort |
| Age-of-onset local | phenotype |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| Alcohol Problems | phenotype |
| alcohol-related outcomes | phenotype |
| alcohol-related phenotypes | phenotype |
| alcohol-related problems | phenotype |
| Alcohol Use | phenotype |
| alcohol use disorders | phenotype |
| Alcohol Use Disorder Section of the SSAGA-IV local | cohort |
| autonomy from adults local | phenotype |
| binge drinking | phenotype |
| bipolar disorder | phenotype |
| Broader peer group substance use local | phenotype |
| cigarettes | phenotype |
| Close Friend Alcohol Use local | phenotype |
| close friend substance use local | drug |
| Close friend substance use local | drug |
| Close friend substance use local | phenotype |
| Close Friend Substance Use local | drug |
| Close Friend Substance Use Frequency local | phenotype |
| Close friend substance use prevalence local | phenotype |
| COGA sample | cohort |
| COGA sites | cohort |
| Collaborative Studies on the Genetics of Alcoholism | cohort |
| Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) | cohort |
| common variants | cohort |
| Control families | cohort |
| DRD4 | gene |
| DRD4 long allele local | variant |
| DSM-IV alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| early adulthood | cohort |
| early substance use | phenotype |
| European population | cohort |
| Extreme heavy episodic drinking local | phenotype |
| Family conflict and stress local | phenotype |
| Finnish Twin Study local | cohort |
| Finntwin12 | cohort |
| FinnTwin studies local | cohort |
| GWAS subsample local | cohort |
| GxE effects | phenotype |
| health and medical problems local | phenotype |
| Health and medical problems local | phenotype |
| heavy drinking | phenotype |
| high PRS for alcohol problems local | variant |
| High school seniors | cohort |
| illicit drug use | phenotype |
| Illumina Human OmniExpress array local | drug |
| impulsivity | phenotype |
| Initial Heavy Episodic Drinking Status local | phenotype |
| marijuana | phenotype |
| Netherlands Twin Register | cohort |
| older adult local | cohort |
| other drug use | phenotype |
| other substances | phenotype |
| parental knowledge | phenotype |
| parental psychopathology | phenotype |
| participants | cohort |
| peer deviance | phenotype |
| Peer substance use local | drug |
| Peer Substance Use local | drug |
| polygenic risk score | cohort |
| Polygenic risk score for alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| Polygenic Risk Score for Heavy Episodic Drinking local | phenotype |
| popularity | phenotype |
| probands | cohort |
| Prospective Study | cohort |
| Prospective Study of COGA local | cohort |
| PRS | drug |
| psychiatric disorders | phenotype |
| puberty | phenotype |
| rs1229984 | variant |
| schizophrenia | phenotype |
| school substance use local | drug |
| school substance use local | phenotype |
| School substance use local | phenotype |
| school substance use prevalence local | drug |
| School substance use prevalence local | phenotype |
| sex | phenotype |
| SNP | cohort |
| social influence local | phenotype |
| Social vulnerability local | phenotype |
| SSAGA | cohort |
| stress response | phenotype |
| substance use | phenotype |
| young adults | cohort |
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