A large-scale genome-wide association study meta-analysis of cannabis use disorder.

paper Primary Public

Authors: Johnson, Emma C; Demontis, Ditte; Thorgeirsson, Thorgeir E; Walters, Raymond K; Polimanti, Renato; Hatoum, Alexander S; Sanchez-Roige, Sandra; Paul, Sarah E; Wendt, Frank R; Clarke, Toni-Kim; Lai, Dongbing; Reginsson, Gunnar W; Zhou, Hang; He, June; Baranger, David A A; Gudbjartsson, Daniel F; Wedow, Robbee; Adkins, Daniel E; Adkins, Amy E; Alexander, Jeffry; Bacanu, Silviu-Alin; Bigdeli, Tim B; Boden, Joseph; Brown, Sandra A; Bucholz, Kathleen K; Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas; Corley, Robin P; Degenhardt, Louisa; Dick, Danielle M; Domingue, Benjamin W; Fox, Louis; Goate, Alison M; Gordon, Scott D; Hack, Laura M; Hancock, Dana B; Hartz, Sarah M; Hickie, Ian B; Hougaard, David M; Krauter, Kenneth; Lind, Penelope A; McClintick, Jeanette N; McQueen, Matthew B; Meyers, Jacquelyn L; Montgomery, Grant W; Mors, Ole; Mortensen, Preben B; Nordentoft, Merete; Pearson, John F; Peterson, Roseann E; Reynolds, Maureen D; Rice, John P; Runarsdottir, Valgerdur; Saccone, Nancy L; Sherva, Richard; Silberg, Judy L; Tarter, Ralph E; Tyrfingsson, Thorarinn; Wall, Tamara L; Webb, Bradley T; Werge, Thomas; Wetherill, Leah; Wright, Margaret J; Zellers, Stephanie; Adams, Mark J; Bierut, Laura J; Boardman, Jason D; Copeland, William E; Farrer, Lindsay A; Foroud, Tatiana M; Gillespie, Nathan A; Grucza, Richard A; Harris, Kathleen Mullan; Heath, Andrew C; Hesselbrock, Victor; Hewitt, John K; Hopfer, Christian J; Horwood, John; Iacono, William G; Johnson, Eric O; Kendler, Kenneth S; Kennedy, Martin A; Kranzler, Henry R; Madden, Pamela A F; Maes, Hermine H; Maher, Brion S; Martin, Nicholas G; McGue, Matthew; McIntosh, Andrew M; Medland, Sarah E; Nelson, Elliot C; Porjesz, Bernice; Riley, Brien P; Stallings, Michael C; Vanyukov, Michael M; Vrieze, Scott; Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Substance Use Disorders Workgroup; Davis, Lea K; Bogdan, Ryan; Gelernter, Joel; Edenberg, Howard J; Stefansson, Kari; Børglum, Anders D; Agrawal, Arpana
Year: 2020
Journal: The lancet. Psychiatry
PMID: 33096046
DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30339-4
PMCID: PMC7674631

BACKGROUND: Variation in liability to cannabis use disorder has a strong genetic component (estimated twin and family heritability about 50-70%) and is associated with negative outcomes, including increased risk of psychopathology. The aim of the study was to conduct a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify novel genetic variants associated with cannabis use disorder. METHODS: To conduct this GWAS meta-analysis of cannabis use disorder and identify associations with genetic loci, we used samples from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Substance Use Disorders working group, iPSYCH, and deCODE (20 916 case samples, 363 116 control samples in total), contrasting cannabis use disorder cases with controls. To examine the genetic overlap between cannabis use disorder and 22 traits of interest (chosen because of previously published phenotypic correlations [eg, psychiatric disorders] or hypothesised associations [eg, chronotype] with cannabis use disorder), we used linkage disequilibrium score regression to calculate genetic correlations. FINDINGS: We identified two genome-wide significant loci: a novel chromosome 7 locus (FOXP2, lead single-nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] rs7783012; odds ratio [OR] 1·11, 95% CI 1·07-1·15, p=1·84 × 10) and the previously identified chromosome 8 locus (near CHRNA2 and EPHX2, lead SNP rs4732724; OR 0·89, 95% CI 0·86-0·93, p=6·46 × 10). Cannabis use disorder and cannabis use were genetically correlated (r 0·50, p=1·50 × 10), but they showed significantly different genetic correlations with 12 of the 22 traits we tested, suggesting at least partially different genetic underpinnings of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder. Cannabis use disorder was positively genetically correlated with other psychopathology, including ADHD, major depression, and schizophrenia. INTERPRETATION: These findings support the theory that cannabis use disorder has shared genetic liability with other psychopathology, and there is a distinction between genetic liability to cannabis use and cannabis use disorder. FUNDING: National Institute of Mental Health; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; National Institute on Drug Abuse; Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine and the Centre for Integrative Sequencing; The European Commission, Horizon 2020; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Health Research Council of New Zealand; National Institute on Aging; Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium; UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council (UKRI MRC); The Brain & Behavior Research Foundation; National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA); National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Australia; Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program of the University of California; Families for Borderline Personality Disorder Research (Beth and Rob Elliott) 2018 NARSAD Young Investigator Grant; The National Child Health Research Foundation (Cure Kids); The Canterbury Medical Research Foundation; The New Zealand Lottery Grants Board; The University of Otago; The Carney Centre for Pharmacogenomics; The James Hume Bequest Fund; National Institutes of Health: Genes, Environment and Health Initiative; National Institutes of Health; National Cancer Institute; The William T Grant Foundation; Australian Research Council; The Virginia Tobacco Settlement Foundation; The VISN 1 and VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centers of the US Department of Veterans Affairs; The 5th Framework Programme (FP-5) GenomEUtwin Project; The Lundbeck Foundation; NIH-funded Shared Instrumentation Grant S10RR025141; Clinical Translational Sciences Award grants; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Institute of General Medical Sciences.

#	Section	Preview
40	Results	A secondary pheWAS analysis in BioVU using summary statistics of cannabis use disorder conditioned…
41	Results	The PRS for cannabis use disorder were significantly associated with reduced total white matter…
42	Discussion	This GWAS meta-analysis confirmed one previously identified locus on chromosome 8 as associated with…
43	Discussion	Individual SNPs on chromosome 8 are eQTLs for CHRNA2 and EPHX2, extending previous work by Demontis…
44	Discussion	appendix p 18), although a different SNP was identified as the lead SNP (rs11783093). When…
45	Discussion	Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder were modestly genetically correlated (rg 0·50) but…
46	Discussion	We found genetic overlap between cannabis use disorder and several mental health phenotypes,…
47	Discussion	Some previous cross-sectional studies have linked differences in grey matter volume with cannabis…
48	Discussion	Some limitations are noteworthy. Our African ancestry sample was under-powered; more data are…
49	Discussion	available microarray data even after imputation. An additional limitation is that we did not do…
50	Discussion	In conclusion, our findings provide further evidence that cannabis use disorder is a serious,…
51	Data sharing	Summary statistics will be made available for download at…
52	Figure 1	Manhattan plot of the European ancestry-only genome-wide meta-analysis
53	Figure 2	Genetic correlations between CUD, cannabis use, and other traits of interestCUD=cannabis use…
54	Figure 3	PheWAS associations between polygenic risk for CUD and phenotypes in the BioVU biobankThe 46…
55	Figure 4	Polygenic risk score associations with white matter volume in drug-naive childrenTotal white matter…

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Genetic and non-genetic predictors of risk for opioid dependence.	Na PJ et al.	—	2024	→
Genetic and Phenotypic Features of Schizophrenia in the UK Biobank.	Legge SE et al.	—	2024	→
Genetic contribution to disease-course severity and progression in the SUPER-Finland study, a cohort of 10,403 individuals with psychotic disorders.	Kämpe A et al.	—	2024	→
Genetic contribution to the comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders.	Koller D et al.	—	2024	→
Genetic influences and causal pathways shared between cannabis use disorder and other substance use traits.	Galimberti M et al.	—	2024	→
Genetic Insights into the causal relationship between cannabis use and diabetic phenotypes: A genetic correlation and Mendelian randomization study.	Zhang Y et al.	—	2024	→
Genome-wide association studies of coffee intake in UK/US participants of European ancestry uncover cohort-specific genetic associations.	Thorpe HHA et al.	—	2024	→
Genomic structural equation modeling reveals latent phenotypes in the human cortex with distinct genetic architecture.	Morey RA et al.	—	2024	→
Identification of biological indicators for human exposure toxicology in smart cities based on public health data and deep learning.	Gao P et al.	—	2024	→
Investigating the shared genetic architecture between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk taking behavior: A large-scale genomewide cross-trait analysis.	Chen Y et al.	—	2024	→
Medical and genetic correlates of long-term buprenorphine treatment in the electronic health records.	Niarchou M et al.	—	2024	→
Mendelian randomization analyses reveal causal relationships between brain functional networks and risk of psychiatric disorders.	Mu C et al.	—	2024	→
Mendelian randomization analysis separated the independent impact of childhood obesity and adult obesity on socioeconomic status, psychological status, and substance use.	Cai J et al.	—	2024	→
MRBEE: A bias-corrected multivariable Mendelian randomization method.	Lorincz-Comi N et al.	—	2024	→
Multi-ancestry meta-analysis of tobacco use disorder identifies 461 potential risk genes and reveals associations with multiple health outcomes.	Toikumo S et al.	—	2024	→
Neurogenetic and multi-omic sources of overlap among sensation seeking, alcohol consumption, and alcohol use disorder.	Miller AP et al.	—	2024	→
Neuronal-specific methylome and hydroxymethylome analysis reveal significant loci associated with alcohol use disorder.	Andrade-Brito DE et al.	—	2024	→
Neuroscience in addiction research.	Valentino RJ et al.	—	2024	→
Partitioning the Genomic Components of Behavioral Disinhibition and Substance Use (Disorder) Using Genomic Structural Equation Modeling.	Horwitz TB et al.	—	2024	→
Pleiotropy and genetically inferred causality linking multisite chronic pain to substance use disorders.	Koller D et al.	—	2024	→
Prenatal cannabis exposure, the brain, and psychopathology during early adolescence.	Baranger DA et al.	—	2024	→
Prenatal substance exposure and child health: Understanding the role of environmental factors, genetics, and brain development.	Gu Z et al.	—	2024	→
Principled distillation of UK Biobank phenotype data reveals underlying structure in human variation.	Carey CE et al.	—	2024	→
Schizophrenia mediating the effect of smoking phenotypes on antisocial behavior: A Mendelian randomization analysis.	Zhang M et al.	—	2024	→
The genetic landscape of substance use disorders.	Gerring ZF et al.	—	2024	→
The impact of schizophrenia genetic load and heavy cannabis use on the risk of psychotic disorder in the EU-GEI case-control and UK Biobank studies.	Austin-Zimmerman I et al.	—	2024	→
Topologically associating domains define the impact of de novo promoter variants on autism spectrum disorder risk.	Nakamura T et al.	—	2024	→
Using Task-fMRI to Explore the Relationship Between Lifetime Cannabis Use and Cognitive Control in Individuals With First-Episode Schizophrenia.	Lesh TA et al.	—	2024	→
A multivariate approach to understanding the genetic overlap between externalizing phenotypes and substance use disorders.	Poore HE et al.	—	2023	→
Analysis of the brain transcriptome for substance-associated genes: An update on large-scale genome-wide association studies.	Zhao Y et al.	—	2023	→
A Phenome-Wide Association Study (PheWAS) of Late Onset Alzheimer Disease Genetic Risk in Children of European Ancestry at Middle Childhood: Results from the ABCD Study.	Gorelik AJ et al.	—	2023	→
A Pragmatic, Person-Centered View of Cannabis in the United States: Pursuing Care That Transcends Beliefs.	Bosley HG et al.	—	2023	→
Associations Between Cannabis Use, Polygenic Liability for Schizophrenia, and Cannabis-related Experiences in a Sample of Cannabis Users.	Johnson EC et al.	—	2023	→
Associations between polygenic risk of substance use and use disorder and alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine use in adolescence and young adulthood in a longitudinal twin study.	Schaefer JD et al.	—	2023	→
Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): From Abnormal Behavior to Impairment in Synaptic Plasticity.	Ugarte G et al.	—	2023	→
Cannabis Pharmacogenomics: A Path to Personalized Medicine.	Babayeva M et al.	—	2023	→
Cannabis use and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a Mendelian randomization study.	de La Harpe R et al.	—	2023	→
Cannabis Use and CKD: Epidemiological Associations and Mendelian Randomization.	Dellepiane S et al.	—	2023	→
Cannabis use and the risk of primary open-angle glaucoma: a Mendelian randomization study.	Katsimpris A et al.	—	2023	→
Cannabis Use Disorder and Subsequent Risk of Psychotic and Nonpsychotic Unipolar Depression and Bipolar Disorder.	Jefsen OH et al.	—	2023	→
Cannabis Use Is Associated With Depression Severity and Suicidality in the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement.	Hinckley JD et al.	—	2023	→
Causal relationship between cannabis use and cancer: a genetically informed perspective.	Huang P et al.	—	2023	→
Cross-disorder GWAS meta-analysis of endocannabinoid DNA variations in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia.	Kim HK et al.	—	2023	→
Depression pathophysiology, risk prediction of recurrence and comorbid psychiatric disorders using genome-wide analyses.	Als TD et al.	—	2023	→
Differences in genetic risk score profiles for drug use disorder, major depression, and ADHD as a function of sex, age at onset, recurrence, mode of ascertainment, and treatment.	Kendler KS et al.	—	2023	→
Dissecting the epigenomic differences between smoking and nicotine dependence in a veteran cohort.	Nagamatsu ST et al.	—	2023	→
Examining the shared etiology of psychopathology with genome-wide association studies.	Mallard TT et al.	—	2023	→
Exploration of cannabis use and polygenic risk scores on the psychotic symptom progression of a FEP cohort.	Segura AG et al.	—	2023	→
Exploratory factor analysis of shared and specific genetic associations in depression and anxiety.	Li C et al.	—	2023	→
Exploring opportunities for drug repurposing and precision medicine in cannabis use disorder using genetics.	Greco LA et al.	—	2023	→
First-Episode Psychosis Patients Who Deteriorated in the Premorbid Period Do Not Have Higher Polygenic Risk Scores Than Others: A Cluster Analysis of EU-GEI Data.	Ferraro L et al.	—	2023	→
From heavy cannabis use to psychosis: is it time to take action?	Johnson-Ferguson L et al.	—	2023	→
Genetic architecture of ADHD and overlap with other psychiatric disorders and cognition-related phenotypes.	Ribasés M et al.	—	2023	→
Genetic influences on the interplay between obsessive-compulsive behavior symptoms and cannabis use during adolescence.	Kutzner J et al.	—	2023	→
Genetics of cannabis use in opioid use disorder: A genome-wide association and polygenic risk score study.	Hillmer A et al.	—	2023	→
Genetic support of a causal relationship between cannabis use and educational attainment: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study of European ancestry.	Chen D et al.	—	2023	→
Genome- and transcriptome-wide splicing associations with alcohol use disorder.	Huggett SB et al.	—	2023	→
Genome-wide analyses of ADHD identify 27 risk loci, refine the genetic architecture and implicate several cognitive domains.	Demontis D et al.	—	2023	→
Genome-wide association studies and cross-population meta-analyses investigating short and long sleep duration.	Austin-Zimmerman I et al.	—	2023	→
Genotype Data and Derived Genetic Instruments of Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study<sup>®</sup> for Better Understanding of Human Brain Development.	Fan CC et al.	—	2023	→
Identifying genetic loci and phenomic associations of substance use traits: A multi-trait analysis of GWAS (MTAG) study.	Xu H et al.	—	2023	→
Identifying potential risk genes and pathways for neuropsychiatric and substance use disorders using intermediate molecular mediator information.	Gedik H et al.	—	2023	→
Independent contribution of polygenic risk for schizophrenia and cannabis use in predicting psychotic-like experiences in young adulthood: testing gene × environment moderation and mediation.	Elkrief L et al.	—	2023	→
Induction of dopaminergic neurons for neuronal subtype-specific modeling of psychiatric disease risk.	Powell SK et al.	—	2023	→
Investigating genetically stratified subgroups to better understand the etiology of alcohol misuse.	Thijssen AB et al.	—	2023	→
Investigation of convergent and divergent genetic influences underlying schizophrenia and alcohol use disorder.	Johnson EC et al.	—	2023	→
Large-Scale Genetic Correlation Analysis between Spondyloarthritis and Human Blood Metabolites.	Yang M et al.	—	2023	→
Leveraging related health phenotypes for polygenic prediction of impulsive choice, impulsive action, and impulsive personality traits in 1534 European ancestry community adults.	Deng WQ et al.	—	2023	→
Massive genetic study finds genes linked to cannabis addiction.	Tozer L	—	2023	→
Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of cannabis use disorder yields insight into disease biology and public health implications.	Levey DF et al.	—	2023	→
Multi-ancestry study of the genetics of problematic alcohol use in over 1 million individuals.	Zhou H et al.	—	2023	→
Multi-omics cannot replace sample size in genome-wide association studies.	Baranger DAA et al.	—	2023	→
Multivariate genome-wide association meta-analysis of over 1 million subjects identifies loci underlying multiple substance use disorders.	Hatoum AS et al.	—	2023	→
Pervasive Downward Bias in Estimates of Liability-Scale Heritability in Genome-wide Association Study Meta-analysis: A Simple Solution.	Grotzinger AD et al.	—	2023	→
Pleiotropic loci for cannabis use disorder severity in multi-ancestry high-risk populations.	Peng Q et al.	—	2023	→
Polygenic scores for psychiatric disorders in a diverse postmortem brain tissue cohort.	Duncan L et al.	—	2023	→
Preliminary Evidence for Genetic Nurture in Depression and Neuroticism Through Polygenic Scores.	Tubbs JD et al.	—	2023	→
Psychoactive substance use in patients diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an exploratory study.	Więckiewicz G et al.	—	2023	→
Role of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in cannabinoid dependence.	Buzzi B et al.	—	2023	→
Sleep Health at the Genomic Level: Six Distinct Factors and Their Relationships With Psychopathology.	Morrison CL et al.	—	2023	→
Testing the causal relationships of physical activity and sedentary behaviour with mental health and substance use disorders: a Mendelian randomisation study.	Iob E et al.	—	2023	→
The collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism: Genetics.	Johnson EC et al.	—	2023	→
The Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism: Overview.	Agrawal A et al.	—	2023	→
The collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism: Sample and clinical data.	Dick DM et al.	—	2023	→
The Genetically Informed Neurobiology of Addiction (GINA) model.	Bogdan R et al.	—	2023	→
The Interrelationship of the Genetic Risks for Different Forms of Substance Use Disorder in a Swedish National Sample: A Top-Down Genetic Analysis.	Kendler KS et al.	—	2023	→
The pleiotropic contribution of genes in dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways to addiction and related behavioral traits.	Antón-Galindo E et al.	—	2023	→
The relationship between cannabis use, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder: a genetically informed study.	Cheng W et al.	—	2023	→
The Stage-Based Model of Addiction-Using <i>Drosophila</i> to Investigate Alcohol and Psychostimulant Responses.	Cummins-Beebee PN et al.	—	2023	→
Towards a New Dynamic Interaction Model of Adolescent CUD Manifestation, Prevention, and Treatment: A Narrative Review.	Oosten W et al.	—	2023	→
Transcriptional signatures of heroin intake and relapse throughout the brain reward circuitry in male mice.	Browne CJ et al.	—	2023	→
Transcriptome-Wide Structural Equation Modeling of 13 Major Psychiatric Disorders for Cross-Disorder Risk and Drug Repurposing.	Grotzinger AD et al.	—	2023	→
Understanding the relationship between loneliness, substance use traits and psychiatric disorders: A genetically informed approach.	Martin E et al.	—	2023	→
Unraveling shared susceptibility loci and Mendelian genetic associations linking educational attainment with multiple neuropsychiatric disorders.	Chen D et al.	—	2023	→
Association of cannabis use disorder with cardiovascular diseases: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.	Chen M et al.	—	2022	→
Association of Predicted Expression and Multimodel Association Analysis of Substance Abuse Traits.	Bost DM et al.	—	2022	→
Associations between cannabis use, cannabis use disorder, and mood disorders: longitudinal, genetic, and neurocognitive evidence.	Kuhns L et al.	—	2022	→
Associations between cognition and polygenic liability to substance involvement in middle childhood: Results from the ABCD study.	Paul SE et al.	—	2022	→
Cannabis use and the risk of periodontitis: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.	Baumeister SE et al.	—	2022	→
Characterisation of the genetic relationship between the domains of sleep and circadian-related behaviours with substance use phenotypes.	Hatoum AS et al.	—	2022	→
Chronic adolescent exposure to cannabis in mice leads to sex-biased changes in gene expression networks across brain regions.	Zuo Y et al.	—	2022	→
Clinical, environmental, and genetic risk factors for substance use disorders: characterizing combined effects across multiple cohorts.	Barr PB et al.	—	2022	→
Comorbidity and Coaggregation of Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder and Cannabis Use Disorder in a Controlled Family Study.	Quick CR et al.	—	2022	→
Comorbidity between mood and substance-related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.	Saha S et al.	—	2022	→
Consensus paper of the WFSBP task force on cannabis, cannabinoids and psychosis.	D'Souza DC et al.	—	2022	→
Cross-ancestry meta-analysis of opioid use disorder uncovers novel loci with predominant effects in brain regions associated with addiction.	Kember RL et al.	—	2022	→
Differences in the genetic architecture of common and rare variants in childhood, persistent and late-diagnosed attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.	Rajagopal VM et al.	—	2022	→
Epigenetic Signatures of Smoking in Five Brain Regions.	Zillich L et al.	—	2022	→
FOXN3 and GDNF Polymorphisms as Common Genetic Factors of Substance Use and Addictive Behaviors.	Vereczkei A et al.	—	2022	→
Genetics in psychiatry: Methods, clinical applications and future perspectives.	Fabbri C	—	2022	→
Genetics of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.	Langley K et al.	—	2022	→
Genome-wide association study in individuals of European and African ancestry and multi-trait analysis of opioid use disorder identifies 19 independent genome-wide significant risk loci.	Deak JD et al.	—	2022	→
Integrating human brain proteomic data with genome-wide association study findings identifies novel brain proteins in substance use traits.	Toikumo S et al.	—	2022	→
Is there a causal relationship between executive function and liability to mental health and substance use? A Mendelian randomization approach.	Burton SMI et al.	—	2022	→
Multi-omics signatures of alcohol use disorder in the dorsal and ventral striatum.	Zillich L et al.	—	2022	→
Neurogenetic and Epigenetic Aspects of Cannabinoids.	Dennen CA et al.	—	2022	→
Nongenetic Factors Associated With Psychotic Experiences Among UK Biobank Participants: Exposome-Wide Analysis and Mendelian Randomization Analysis.	Lin BD et al.	—	2022	→
Pairwise genetic meta-analyses between schizophrenia and substance dependence phenotypes reveals novel association signals with pharmacological significance.	Greco LA et al.	—	2022	→
Parsing genetically influenced risk pathways: genetic loci impact problematic alcohol use via externalizing and specific risk.	Barr PB et al.	—	2022	→
Prenatal alcohol and tobacco exposures and the risk of cannabis use in offspring: Findings from a population-based cohort study.	Duko B et al.	—	2022	→
Risks and Benefits of Cannabis and Cannabinoids in Psychiatry.	Hill KP et al.	—	2022	→
Substance abuse and the risk of severe COVID-19: Mendelian randomization confirms the causal role of opioids but hints a negative causal effect for cannabinoids.	Jabalameli MR et al.	—	2022	→
Substance use and common contributors to morbidity: A genetics perspective.	Sanchez-Roige S et al.	—	2022	→
The addiction risk factor: A unitary genetic vulnerability characterizes substance use disorders and their associations with common correlates.	Hatoum AS et al.	—	2022	→
The genetic aetiology of cannabis use: from twin models to genome-wide association studies and beyond.	Verweij KJH et al.	—	2022	→
The Genetic and Neural Substrates of Externalizing Behavior.	Baselmans B et al.	—	2022	→
The systems medicine of cannabinoids in pediatrics: the case for more pediatric studies.	O'Dell CP et al.	—	2022	→
Transforming the Future of Adolescent Health: Opportunities From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	Hoffman EA et al.	—	2022	→
Uncovering the genetic architecture of broad antisocial behavior through a genome-wide association study meta-analysis.	Tielbeek JJ et al.	—	2022	→
Using Mendelian randomization to explore the gateway hypothesis: possible causal effects of smoking initiation and alcohol consumption on substance use outcomes.	Reed ZE et al.	—	2022	→
Alcohol and cigarette smoking consumption as genetic proxies for alcohol misuse and nicotine dependence.	Sanchez-Roige S et al.	—	2021	→
Cannabis use and obesity-traits: A Mendelian randomization study.	Alayash Z et al.	—	2021	→
Cannabis Use, Pulmonary Function, and Lung Cancer Susceptibility: A Mendelian Randomization Study.	Baumeister SE et al.	—	2021	→
Exploring the genetic overlap of suicide-related behaviors and substance use disorders.	Colbert SMC et al.	—	2021	→
Genes identified in rodent studies of alcohol intake are enriched for heritability of human substance use.	Huggett SB et al.	—	2021	→
Genetic basis of cannabis use: a systematic review.	Hillmer A et al.	—	2021	→
Genetic Liability to Cannabis Use Disorder and COVID-19 Hospitalization.	Hatoum AS et al.	—	2021	→
Genetics of substance use disorders: a review.	Deak JD et al.	—	2021	→
Genetics of substance use disorders in the era of big data.	Gelernter J et al.	—	2021	→
Genome-wide association study of problematic opioid prescription use in 132,113 23andMe research participants of European ancestry.	Sanchez-Roige S et al.	—	2021	→
Integration of evidence across human and model organism studies: A meeting report.	Palmer RHC et al.	—	2021	→
Meta-Analysis of Transcriptome-Wide Association Studies across 13 Brain Tissues Identified Novel Clusters of Genes Associated with Nicotine Addiction.	Ye Z et al.	—	2021	→
Molecular genetics of substance use disorders: An umbrella review.	Lopez-Leon S et al.	—	2021	→
Smoking is significantly associated with increased risk of COVID-19 and other respiratory infections.	Rosoff DB et al.	—	2021	→
The Gut Microbiome and Substance Use Disorder.	Russell JT et al.	—	2021	→
The relationship between cannabis and schizophrenia: a genetically informed perspective.	Johnson EC et al.	—	2021	→
Using genetic information to inform policy on cannabis.	Hines LA et al.	—	2020	→