Testing a level of response to alcohol-based model of heavy drinking and alcohol problems in 1,905 17-year-olds.
- Authors
- Schuckit, Marc A; Smith, Tom L; Heron, Jon; Hickman, Matthew; Macleod, John; Lewis, Glyn; Davis, John M; Hibbeln, Joseph R; Brown, Sandra; Zuccolo, Luisa; Miller, Laura L; Davey-Smith, George
- Year
- 2011
- Journal
- Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research
- PMID
- 21762180
- DOI
- 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01536.x
- PMCID
- PMC3183150
BACKGROUND: The low level of response (LR) to alcohol is one of several genetically influenced characteristics that increase the risk for heavy drinking and alcohol problems. Efforts to understand how LR operates through additional life influences have been carried out primarily in modest-sized U.S.-based samples with limited statistical power, raising questions about generalizability and about the importance of components with smaller effects. This study evaluates a full LR-based model of risk in a large sample of adolescents from the United Kingdom. METHODS: Cross-sectional structural equation models were used for the approximate first half of the age 17 subjects assessed by the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, generating data on 1,905 adolescents (mean age 17.8 years, 44.2% boys). LR was measured with the Self-Rating of the Effects of Alcohol Questionnaire, outcomes were based on drinking quantities and problems, and standardized questionnaires were used to evaluate peer substance use, alcohol expectancies, and using alcohol to cope with stress. RESULTS: In this young and large U.K. sample, a low LR related to more adverse alcohol outcomes both directly and through partial mediation by all 3 additional key variables (peer substance use, expectancies, and coping). The models were similar in boys and girls. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm key elements of the hypothesized LR-based model in a large U.K. sample, supporting some generalizability beyond U.S. groups. They also indicate that with enough statistical power, multiple elements contribute to how LR relates to alcohol outcomes and reinforce the applicability of the model to both genders.
The hypothesized level of response (LR)-based conceptual model where low LR to alcohol is directly related to alcohol-related outcomes (ALCOUT) and indirectly related to ALCOUT via substance use in peers (PEER), higher positive expectancies for alcohol effects (EFFECT), and the use of alcohol to cope with stress (COPE). COPE is conceptualized as at least partially mediating the effect of PEER and EXPECT to ALCOUT.
Measurement Model where PEER is a latent variable from a modified Important People and Activities Scale with 4 indicators of peer1 = average number of 4 peers reported as using alcohol, peer 2 = average number of 4 peers reported as using tobacco, peer3 = average number of 4 peers reported as using cannabinols, peer4 = average number of 4 peers reported as using other drug; EXPECT is a latent variable from a modified Alcohol Expectancies Scale with 4 indicators from subscales with aeqs = Changes in Social Behavior, aeqc = Improved Cognitive and Motor Abilities, aeqx = Sexual Enhancement sexuality, and aeqat = Arousal; COPE is a latent variable from the Drinking to Cope scale with 3 indicators from parcels of 2 items each; and ALCOUT is a latent variable with 3 indicators of max = maximum drinks lifetime, drnk6 = how often 6+ drinks/occasion, and probs = number of 17 alcohol problems.
Full Structural Equation Model: All domains are as defined in Figure 2; LR is the manifest variable of the level of response using the SRE, where a higher score represents a lower LR per drink; and GENDER and AGE are as reported in the interview. Only significant paths (p <.05) are represented, beta weights are presented for paths, and R2 is included next to each endogenous variable.
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