Genome-wide association studies in ADHD.

paper Cited Public

Authors: Franke, Barbara; Neale, Benjamin M; Faraone, Stephen V
Year: 2009
Journal: Human genetics
PMID: 19384554
DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0663-4
PMCID: PMC3774416

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD, is a common and highly heritable neuropsychiatric disorder that is seen in children and adults. Although heritability is estimated at around 76%, it has been hard to find genes underlying the disorder. ADHD is a multifactorial disorder, in which many genes, all with a small effect, are thought to cause the disorder in the presence of unfavorable environmental conditions. Whole genome linkage analyses have not yet lead to the identification of genes for ADHD, and results of candidate gene-based association studies have been able to explain only a tiny part of the genetic contribution to disease, either. A novel way of performing hypothesis-free analysis of the genome suitable for the identification of disease risk genes of considerably smaller effect is the genome-wide association study (GWAS). So far, five GWAS have been performed on the diagnosis of ADHD and related phenotypes. Four of these are based on a sample set of 958 parent-child trio's collected as part of the International Multicentre ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) study and genotyped with funds from the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN). The other is a pooled GWAS including adult patients with ADHD and controls. None of the papers reports any associations that are formally genome-wide significant after correction for multiple testing. There is also very limited overlap between studies, apart from an association with CDH13, which is reported in three of the studies. Little evidence supports an important role for the 'classic' ADHD genes, with possible exceptions for SLC9A9, NOS1 and CNR1. There is extensive overlap with findings from other psychiatric disorders. Though not genome-wide significant, findings from the individual studies converge to paint an interesting picture: whereas little evidence-as yet-points to a direct involvement of neurotransmitters (at least the classic dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways) or regulators of neurotransmission, some suggestions are found for involvement of 'new' neurotransmission and cell-cell communication systems. A potential involvement of potassium channel subunits and regulators warrants further investigation. More basic processes also seem involved in ADHD, like cell division, adhesion (especially via cadherin and integrin systems), neuronal migration, and neuronal plasticity, as well as related transcription, cell polarity and extracellular matrix regulation, and cytoskeletal remodeling processes. In conclusion, the GWAS performed so far in ADHD, though far from conclusive, provide a first glimpse at genes for the disorder. Many more (much larger studies) will be needed. For this, collaboration between researchers as well as standardized protocols for phenotyping and DNA-collection will become increasingly important.

#	Section	Preview
80	Review	can be investigated (Lesch et al., 2008). Furthermore, using controls unscreened for the presence of…
81	Review	An important issue in psychiatric disorders in general and ADHD in particular is phenotypic…
82	Review	That said, what are the perspectives for genome-wide association studies in ADHD? The results of the…
83	Review	scientists from 11 countries and 48 institutions having GWAS datasets on ADHD, autism, bipolar…
84	Review	Improving GWAS design through extension of phenotypic assessment could be done by taking…
85	Review	findings: Zhou et al. (2008b) showed that SLC6A3/DAT1 was only associated with ADHD in the absence…
86	Review	A more radical way of dealing with the shortcomings of the nosological system is to look deeper into…
87	Review	on neuropsychological performance (Doyle et al. 2005; Rommelse 2008) and those based on neuroimaging…
88	Review	An additional aspect to be taken into consideration in GWAS is the potential role of G × E and…
89	Review	A last aspect to be discussed relates to the genetic models currently used in ADHD research. Up to…
90	Review	contribute a part of this puzzle. CNVs include insertions, deletions and duplications and encompass…
91	Review	In conclusion, the GWAS performed so far in ADHD, though far from conclusive, provide a first…

Name	Type
50 K GWAS local	cohort
50K GWAS local	cohort
ADAMTS2 local	gene
addiction	phenotype
addiction phenotypes	phenotype
addiction-related disorders local	phenotype
ADHD	phenotype
ADHD-affected adults local	cohort
ADHD GWAS	cohort
ADHD inattentive symptoms	phenotype
ADHD overall symptoms local	phenotype
ADHD phenotype local	phenotype
ADHD symptoms	phenotype
adolescents	cohort
adoptive parents	cohort
Adra1a	gene
ADRB2	gene
adult ADHD patients local	cohort
adults	cohort
affective disorders	phenotype
Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 500K local	drug
age of onset of ADHD symptoms local	phenotype
Age of onset of ADHD symptoms local	phenotype
aggression	phenotype
AK094352 local	gene
AK128216 local	gene
AK309325 local	gene
alcohol and drug abuse and dependence local	phenotype
alcohol dependence	phenotype
Alcohol Use	phenotype
Allen-Brady et al. 2008 local	cohort
all symptoms local	phenotype
Alzheimer's disease	phenotype
Alzheimer’s disease	phenotype
amygdala	anatomy
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	phenotype
anorexia nervosa	phenotype
ARHGAP22 local	gene
ASTN local	gene
ASTN2	gene
ATP2C2	gene
AURKC local	gene
autism	phenotype
autism spectrum disorder	phenotype
autoaggressive behavior local	phenotype
autosomal SNP local	variant
autosomal SNPs	cohort
BC032407 local	gene
BCAS1 local	gene
Bdnf	gene
biological parents of hyperactive children local	cohort
bipolar disorder	phenotype
BMP	drug
brain	anatomy
brain activity	phenotype
brain disorder local	phenotype
brain ependymal cells local	anatomy
brain structure	anatomy
Brookes et al. 2006 local	cohort
C10orf79 local	gene
C3orf21 local	gene
C9orf98 local	gene
Ca2+	drug
cadherin local	drug
CAMK2G	gene
cAMP	drug
cannabis use	phenotype
cardiovascular disease	phenotype
cases	cohort
categorical ADHD phenotype local	phenotype
Caucasian case–parent-trios local	cohort
caudate nucleus	anatomy
CDH13	gene
CDH23 local	gene
cerebellum	anatomy
children	cohort
Chrna4	gene
cluster B personality disorder	phenotype
CLYB local	gene
Cnr1	gene
CNV	variant
coding variant in KIF6 local	variant
common variants	cohort
COMT	gene
conduct disorder	phenotype
Conners ADHD Rating Scale local	phenotype
control	cohort
controls	cohort
controls unscreened for psychiatric disorders local	cohort
copy number variant	variant
CREB5	gene
CRYGC local	gene
CSMD1	gene
CSMD2	gene
CTNNA2	gene
DA259379 local	gene
DBH	gene
DCLK1	gene
DDC	gene
deafness	phenotype
depression	phenotype
developmental speech and language disorder local	phenotype
developmental speech and language disorders local	phenotype
diacylglycerol	drug
disease	phenotype
DMRT2 local	gene
DNA methylation	drug
DNM1	gene
DPP10	gene
Dpp6	gene
DRD2	gene
drug abuse and dependence local	phenotype
drug dependence	phenotype
earlier onset local	phenotype
Earlier onset local	phenotype
early age of onset of ADHD symptoms local	phenotype
EGF receptor local	drug
endophenotype	phenotype
environmental factors	drug
epilepsy	phenotype
EREG	gene
ESRRB local	gene
extracellular matrix	drug
FAM19A3 local	gene
family-based association study local	cohort
FAT3 local	gene
FBAT-PC all symptoms local	phenotype
fetal brain	anatomy
FHIT	cohort
first-degree adoptive relatives of probands with ADHD local	cohort
first-degree biological relatives of non-adopted ADHD probands local	cohort
Foxp1	gene
Foxp2	gene
Fullerton et al. 2003 linkage study local	cohort
GAIN	cohort
GAIN dataset	cohort
GAIN/IMAGE local	cohort
GAIN/IMAGE ADHD dataset local	cohort
GAIN/IMAGE dataset local	cohort
GAIN/IMAGE GWAS studies local	cohort
GAIN/IMAGE participants local	cohort
GAIN/IMAGE sample local	cohort
gene–environment interaction local	drug
gene–gene interaction local	drug
genetic disorders	phenotype
German ADHD cohort local	cohort
GFOD1	gene
glutamate	drug
GPC6	gene
GRB10	gene
GRIK1	gene
GWAS sample used by Lesch et al. (2008) local	cohort
HapMap	cohort
HAS3 local	gene
heparan sulfate proteoglycans	drug
heteroaggressive behavior local	phenotype
hippocampus	anatomy
HTR1E local	gene
Htr2a	gene
human brain	anatomy
hyaluronic acid local	drug
hyperactive-impulsive symptom local	phenotype
hyperactive-impulsive symptoms local	phenotype
hyperactive–impulsive symptoms local	phenotype
hyperactivity	phenotype
hypothalamus	anatomy
IL16	gene
IMAGE local	cohort
impulsive and aggressive behavior local	phenotype
impulsivity	phenotype
inattentive symptom local	phenotype
Inattentive symptom count local	phenotype
integrin	drug
Integrins local	gene
interleukin 16 local	drug
International Multicentre ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) study local	cohort
Irmansyah et al. 2008 local	cohort
ITGA11 local	gene
ITGAE local	gene
ITPR2 local	gene
KALRN local	gene
Kcnc1	gene
KCNIP1	gene
KCNIP4 local	gene
KIAA0574 local	gene
KIAA1486 local	gene
KIF6 local	gene
KIF6 coding variant local	variant
Lasky-Su et al. 2008b local	cohort
Lasky-Su et al. 2008b GWAS local	cohort
Lasky-Su et al. 2008 GWAS local	cohort
Lasky-Su study local	cohort
later onset local	phenotype
Later onset local	phenotype
Lesch et al. 2008 ADHD study local	cohort
Lesch et al. 2008 study local	cohort
Lewis et al. 2003 local	cohort
Lewis et al. 2003 meta-analysis local	cohort
Lewis et al. 2003 schizophrenia meta-analysis local	cohort
Li et al. 2008 local	cohort
linkage paper dataset local	cohort
lipid-related disorders local	phenotype
low-frequency variant	variant
low IQ	phenotype
LPL	gene
major depressive disorder	phenotype
MAN2A2 local	gene
MAP1B	gene
MAP3K5 local	gene
MAP3K7 local	gene
Marshall et al. 2008 local	cohort
maternal criticism local	phenotype
Maternal criticism local	phenotype
maternal expressed emotion local	phenotype
maternal warmth	phenotype
MBOAT1 local	gene
medulla	anatomy
MEIS2 local	gene
memory	phenotype
metamphetamine local	drug
Metamphetamine local	drug
methamphetamine	drug
methamphetamine dependence	phenotype
MGC48628 local	gene
MMP24 local	gene
Mn2+	drug
Mn2+ ions local	drug
MOBP	gene
mother's criticism local	drug
mother's warmth local	drug
mother’s warmth local	phenotype
MTA3 local	gene
Myt1l	gene
NAD+	drug
NAP1L5	gene
NAPRT1 local	gene
NAV2 local	gene
Neale et al. 2008a local	cohort
Neale et al. 2008a GWAS local	cohort
Neale et al. 2008 GWAS local	cohort
neurodegenerative diseases	phenotype
Neuroimaging	phenotype
neuropsychological deficits	phenotype
neuroticism	phenotype
niacin local	drug
nicotine dependence	phenotype
NIMH	cohort
nitric oxide	drug
NM23-1 local	gene
NM23-2 local	gene
NMDA receptor	drug
NME1 local	gene
NME2 local	gene
NO	drug
non-syndromal hearing loss local	phenotype
Nos1	gene
NOS1 SNP local	variant
NT5DC3 local	gene
NUCB1 local	gene
NUCB2 local	gene
PACS local	phenotype
palmitoyl local	drug
Parkinson’s disease	phenotype
PCDP1 local	gene
PER1	gene
Perlegen microarray local	drug
persistent ADHD local	phenotype
Persistent ADHD local	phenotype
PEX7 local	gene
PIWIL4 local	gene
potassium channel local	drug
potassium channel subunits local	drug
PPM1F local	gene
prefrontal cortex	anatomy
presenilin	gene
psychiatric disorders	phenotype
Psychiatric Genomics Consortium	cohort
PTPN14 local	gene
PTPRN2 local	gene
quantitative ADHD-related phenotypes local	phenotype
quantitative ADHD symptom measures local	phenotype
RAB27B local	gene
Rab38	gene
rare variant	cohort
REEP5 local	gene
retinoic acid	drug
RORA	gene
rs10039254 local	variant
rs10049246 local	variant
rs1018040 local	variant
rs10227331 local	variant
rs10421632 local	variant
rs10514604 local	variant
rs10767942 local	variant
rs10786284 local	variant
rs10865184 local	variant
rs10895959 local	variant
rs10983238 local	variant
rs11221064 local	variant
rs11243897 local	variant
rs11590090 local	variant
rs115940825 local	variant
rs1161453 local	variant
rs1161457 local	variant
rs1161463 local	variant
rs116464117 local	variant
rs11646411797 local	variant
rs11719664 local	variant
rs11752175 local	variant
rs11786458 local	variant
rs11790994 local	variant
rs1202199 local	variant
rs12453316 local	variant
rs124533166 local	variant
rs125055021 local	variant
rs12679254 local	variant
rs127727370 local	variant
rs130575 local	variant
rs1325154 local	variant
rs13330107 local	variant
rs13353224 local	variant
rs1335515 local	variant
rs13395022 local	variant
rs133950225 local	variant
rs1350666 local	variant
rs14273240 local	variant
rs1471225 local	variant
rs1514928 local	variant
rs1517484 local	variant
rs15395490 local	variant
rs15416650 local	variant
rs1555322 local	variant
rs1692852 local	variant
rs17079773 local	variant
rs17281813 local	variant
rs17367118 local	variant
rs17641078 local	variant
rs17651978 local	variant
rs17658378 local	variant
rs17722514 local	variant
rs177542821 local	variant
rs1792040 local	variant
rs1918172 local	variant
rs2014572 local	variant
rs2199161 local	variant
rs21991611 local	variant
rs22047028 local	variant
rs2212361 local	variant
rs22373496 local	variant
rs2241685 local	variant
rs22420734 local	variant
rs2281597 local	variant
rs2290416 local	variant
rs2295426 local	variant
rs2311120 local	variant
rs23111200 local	variant
rs2360997 local	variant
rs2502731 local	variant
rs2587695 local	variant
rs260461 local	variant
rs2677744 local	variant
rs26787870 local	variant
rs272000 local	variant
rs2769967 local	variant
rs2825388 local	variant
rs2827093 local	variant
rs284264370 local	variant
rs3776816 local	variant
rs37823091 local	variant
rs3799977804 local	variant
rs3892715 local	variant
rs38932157 local	variant
rs4120502 local	variant
rs412050235 local	variant
rs4128767 local	variant
rs41441749 local	variant
rs4147141 local	variant
rs42411120 local	variant
rs4650135 local	variant
rs469727557 local	variant
rs4714261 local	variant
rs478597 local	variant
rs4810685 local	variant
rs4875598 local	variant
rs4964805 local	variant
rs49648053 local	variant
rs515910244 local	variant
rs522958 local	variant
rs552655 local	variant
rs6565113 local	variant
rs65704260 local	variant
rs66577490 local	variant
rs6719977 local	variant
rs6791644 local	variant
rs6808138 local	variant
rs69198570 local	variant
rs6968385 local	variant
rs708188 local	variant
rs7126782 local	variant
rs71643355 local	variant
rs7172689 local	variant
rs7175404 local	variant
rs71872230 local	variant
rs7495052 local	variant
rs7577925 local	variant
rs76576081 local	variant
rs7816032 local	variant
rs7992643 local	variant
rs79952155 local	variant
rs8041675 local	variant
rs8047014 local	variant
rs806276 local	variant
rs864643 local	variant
rs874426 local	variant
rs8764771 local	variant
rs9227811 local	variant
rs930421 local	variant
rs9389835 local	variant
rs9451437 local	variant
rs94844480 local	variant
rs96086171 local	variant
rs9646471 local	variant
rs9676447 local	variant
rs9687070 local	variant
rs9845475 local	variant
s363512 local	variant
schizophrenia	phenotype
SDK2 local	gene
sex	phenotype
single nucleotide polymorphism	variant
SLC46A3 local	gene
SLC6A1	gene
SLC6A2	gene
SLC6A3	gene
SLC6A3 haplotype local	variant
SLC9A9	gene
SLCO3A1	gene
smoking	phenotype
SNAI1	gene
Snap25	gene
SNP	cohort
Sonuga-Barke et al. 2008 local	cohort
SPATA13 local	gene
spinal cord	anatomy
SPOCK3 local	gene
statins	drug
stroke	phenotype
substance abuse	phenotype
substance use	phenotype
substantia nigra	anatomy
SULF2 local	gene
Sullivan et al. 2008 local	cohort
Sullivan et al. 2008 GWAS local	cohort
SUPT3H local	gene
SYT1 local	gene
SYT16 local	gene
Szatmari et al. 2007b local	cohort
TAFA proteins local	drug
TFEB local	gene
TGF-β	drug
thalamus	anatomy
TLL1	gene
TLL2 local	gene
TMCO7 local	gene
total ADHD symptom count local	phenotype
total ADHD symptoms local	phenotype
total cholesterol	phenotype
total number of symptoms local	phenotype
TPH2	gene
trait	phenotype
triglycerides	phenotype
TRIM71 local	gene
trios cohort local	cohort
TRPS1	gene
TRUB1 local	gene
type 2 diabetes	phenotype
Unc5b	gene
vasopressin	drug
Welcome Trust Case Control Consortium local	cohort
Wellcome Trust case control consortium	cohort
Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2007 local	cohort
Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2007 GWAS local	cohort
WRNIP1 local	gene
Zhou et al. 2008c local	cohort
Zhou et al. 2008 meta-analysis local	cohort
ZNF354C local	gene
ZNF385D local	gene
ZNF423 local	gene
ZNF544 local	gene

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In this knowledge base

Title	Year	PMID
Functional evaluation of autism-associated mutations in NHE9.	2013	24065030
Genome-wide association study of conduct disorder symptomatology.	2011	20585324
Genome-wide copy number variation study associates metabotropic glutamate receptor gene networks with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.	2011	22138692
Genetic variants in SLC9A9 are associated with measures of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in families.	2010	20032819
Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a genome-wide analysis.	2010	20888040
Twin studies and their implications for molecular genetic studies: endophenotypes integrate quantitative and molecular genetics in ADHD research.	2010	20732624

External

Title	Authors	Journal	Year	Link
Exploring the Integrated Gut-Brain Metabolic Model for ADHD.	Tas E et al.	—	2026	→
Abnormal Association Between Neural Activity and Genetic Expressions of Impulsivity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	Jeon S et al.	—	2025	→
Association of premature ejaculation with adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Relationship with digit ratio.	Unal GA et al.	—	2025	→
Factors associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among Tunisian children.	Guedria A et al.	—	2025	→
GFOD1 regulates oxidative stress-induced damage in ADHD via NF-κB signaling pathway.	Zheng ML et al.	—	2025	→
Interventions for children and adolescents with specific learning disability and co-occurring disorders.	Espinas DR et al.	—	2025	→
Role of serotonin in the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic literature review.	Faraone SV et al.	—	2025	→
Classical cadherins evolutionary constraints in primates is associated with their expression in the central nervous system.	Petersen M et al.	—	2024	→
Cortical gradient perturbation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder correlates with neurotransmitter-, cell type-specific and chromosome- transcriptomic signatures.	Chen Z et al.	—	2024	→
Mice with deficiency in Pcdh15, a gene associated with bipolar disorders, exhibit significantly elevated diurnal amplitudes of locomotion and body temperature.	Mori D et al.	—	2024	→
Molecular insight into the potential functional role of pseudoenzyme GFOD1 via interaction with NKIRAS2.	Shi J et al.	—	2024	→
Neurobiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: historical challenges and emerging frontiers.	Koirala S et al.	—	2024	→
The known and unknown about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) genetics: a special emphasis on Arab population.	Mahrous NN et al.	—	2024	→
Adult ADHD: Underdiagnosis of a Treatable Condition.	Rivas-Vazquez RA et al.	—	2023	→
Association between genetic polymorphisms of synaptophysin (SYP) gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Korean subjects.	Kim HJ et al.	—	2023	→
ATP9A deficiency causes ADHD and aberrant endosomal recycling via modulating RAB5 and RAB11 activity.	Meng T et al.	—	2023	→
Cortical gradient perturbation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder correlates with neurotransmitter-, cell type-specific and chromosome- transcriptomic signatures	Chen Z et al.	—	2023	—
DNA methylation epi-signature and biological age in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients.	Carvalho GFDS et al.	—	2023	→
Growth rates of human induced pluripotent stem cells and neural stem cells from attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder patients: a preliminary study.	Yde Ohki CM et al.	—	2023	→
Neuron navigators: A novel frontier with physiological and pathological implications.	Sandeep P et al.	—	2023	→
Polygenic risk score for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and brain functional networks segregation in a community-based sample.	Sato JR et al.	—	2023	→
Thrsp Gene and the ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Presentation.	Custodio RJP et al.	—	2023	→
Two neurosubtypes of ADHD different from the clinical phenotypes.	Wang Q et al.	—	2023	→
ADHD-associated PARK2 copy number variants: A pilot study on gene expression and effects of supplementary deprivation in patient-derived cell lines.	Radtke F et al.	—	2022	→
Annual Research Review: The transdiagnostic revolution in neurodevelopmental disorders.	Astle DE et al.	—	2022	→
Association between Exposure to Particulate Matter Air Pollution during Early Childhood and Risk of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Taiwan.	Fan HC et al.	—	2022	→
Genetic variation of <i>YWHAE</i> gene-"Switch" of disease control.	Jin X et al.	—	2022	→
Modelling ADHD-Like Phenotypes in Zebrafish.	Fontana BD et al.	—	2022	→
CDH13 and LPHN3 Gene Polymorphisms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Their Relation to Clinical Characteristics.	Özaslan A et al.	—	2021	→
Frontal Beta Activity in the Meta-Intention of Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.	Liao YC et al.	—	2021	→
Gene-Environment Interactions in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptom Dimensions: The Role of Unhealthy Food Habits.	Li L et al.	—	2021	→
Genetics on the neurodiversity spectrum: Genetic, phenotypic and endophenotypic continua in autism and ADHD.	Koi P	—	2021	→
Genetic variations influence brain changes in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.	Yadav SK et al.	—	2021	→
Middle School Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Have a Greater Concussion History.	Iverson GL et al.	—	2021	→
Outcomes of a 12-week ecologically valid observational study of first treatment with methylphenidate in a representative clinical sample of drug naïve children with ADHD.	Kaalund-Brok K et al.	—	2021	→
The positive end of the polygenic score distribution for ADHD: a low risk or a protective factor?	Li JJ	—	2021	→
ADHD: Current Concepts and Treatments in Children and Adolescents.	Drechsler R et al.	—	2020	→
Association between DNA methylation and ADHD symptoms from birth to school age: a prospective meta-analysis.	Neumann A et al.	—	2020	→
Attention and Executive Disorders in Neurofibromatosis 1: Comparison Between NF1 With ADHD Symptomatology (NF1 + ADHD) and ADHD Per Se.	Lion-François L et al.	—	2020	→
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive Subtype/Presentation: Research Progress and Translational Studies.	de la Peña IC et al.	—	2020	→
Brain Network Connectivity and Association with Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Gene Polymorphism in Korean Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Children.	Park JH et al.	—	2020	→
Development of the Korean Practice Parameter for Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.	Bahn GH et al.	—	2020	→
Distribution of transcripts of the GFOD gene family members gfod1 and gfod2 in the zebrafish central nervous system.	Lechermeier CG et al.	—	2020	→
Effects of BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms on brain structures and behaviors in adolescents with conduct disorder.	Jiang Y et al.	—	2020	→
High School Athletes With ADHD and Learning Difficulties Have a Greater Lifetime Concussion History.	Iverson GL et al.	—	2020	→
Individual differences <i>v.</i> the average patient: mapping the heterogeneity in ADHD using normative models.	Wolfers T et al.	—	2020	→
Literacy and Numeracy Underachievement in Boys and Girls With ADHD.	Silva D et al.	—	2020	→
Machine learning classification of ADHD and HC by multimodal serotonergic data.	Kautzky A et al.	—	2020	→
Maternal antenatal depression and child mental health: Moderation by genomic risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.	Chen LM et al.	—	2020	→
Motor Transitions' Peculiarity of Heterozygous DAT Rats When Offspring of an Unconventional KOxWT Mating.	Carbone C et al.	—	2020	→
Sodium hydrogen exchanger 9 NHE9 (SLC9A9) and its emerging roles in neuropsychiatric comorbidity.	Patak J et al.	—	2020	→
The Co-existence of ADHD With Autism in Saudi Children: An Analysis Using Next-Generation DNA Sequencing.	Bogari NM et al.	—	2020	→
What children and young people learn about ADHD from youth information books: A text analysis of nine books on ADHD available in Dutch.	Batstra L et al.	—	2020	→
Adult onset of type 3 deiodinase deficiency in mice alters brain gene expression and increases locomotor activity.	Stohn JP et al.	—	2019	→
A logical relationship for schizophrenia, bipolar, and major depressive disorder. Part 4: Evidence from chromosome 4 high-density association screen.	Tang J et al.	—	2019	→
A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).	Luo Y et al.	—	2019	→
Behavior and Molecular Genetic Approaches to Comorbidity.	Willcutt EG	—	2019	→
Epigenetics and ADHD: Toward an Integrative Approach of the Disorder Pathogenesis.	Hamza M et al.	—	2019	→
Gene-based analysis of ADHD using PASCAL: a biological insight into the novel associated genes.	Alonso-Gonzalez A et al.	—	2019	→
Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.	Faraone SV et al.	—	2019	→
Impact of autism-associated genetic variants in interaction with environmental factors on ADHD comorbidities: an exploratory pilot study.	Waltes R et al.	—	2019	→
Novel approach to evaluate central autonomic regulation in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).	Sekaninova N et al.	—	2019	→
Pain and gastrointestinal dysfunction are significant associations with psychiatric disorders in patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and hypermobility spectrum disorders: a retrospective study.	Wasim S et al.	—	2019	→
Polygenic Risk and Neural Substrates of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Youths With a History of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.	Stojanovski S et al.	—	2019	→
The SLC9A-C Mammalian Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> Exchanger Family: Molecules, Mechanisms, and Physiology.	Pedersen SF et al.	—	2019	→
Alexithymia, depression and anxiety in parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorder: Comparative study of autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.	Durukan İ et al.	—	2018	→
Association of Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA) Gene uVNTR and rs6323 Polymorphisms with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder in Korean Children.	Hwang IW et al.	—	2018	→
Clock genes, ADHD and aggression.	Mogavero F et al.	—	2018	→
Detecting gene-gene interactions for complex quantitative traits using generalized fuzzy classification.	Zhou X et al.	—	2018	→
Genetic Insights Into ADHD Biology.	Hayman V et al.	—	2018	→
Live fast, die young? A review on the developmental trajectories of ADHD across the lifespan.	Franke B et al.	—	2018	→
Preterm Birth and the Risk of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - Is There a Role for Epigenetic Dysregulation?	Fitzgerald E et al.	—	2018	→
Striatal transcriptome of a mouse model of ADHD reveals a pattern of synaptic remodeling.	Sorokina AM et al.	—	2018	→
The role of cadherin genes in five major psychiatric disorders: A literature update.	Hawi Z et al.	—	2018	→
Academic textbooks [corrected] on ADHD genetics: balanced or biased?	Te Meerman S et al.	—	2017	→
ADHD: a critical update for educational professionals.	Te Meerman S et al.	—	2017	→
A novel relationship for schizophrenia, bipolar and major depressive disorder Part 5: a hint from chromosome 5 high density association screen.	Chen X et al.	—	2017	→
A Novel Relationship for Schizophrenia, Bipolar, and Major Depressive Disorder. Part 8: a Hint from Chromosome 8 High Density Association Screen.	Chen X et al.	—	2017	→
Association of mitochondrial DNA 10398 A/G polymorphism with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in Korean children.	Hwang IW et al.	—	2017	→
Brain imaging genetics in ADHD and beyond - Mapping pathways from gene to disorder at different levels of complexity.	Klein M et al.	—	2017	→
Deficiency of tumor suppressor NDRG2 leads to attention deficit and hyperactive behavior.	Li Y et al.	—	2017	→
Diet and ADHD, Reviewing the Evidence: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses of Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trials Evaluating the Efficacy of Diet Interventions on the Behavior of Children with ADHD.	Pelsser LM et al.	—	2017	→
Female-specific association of NOS1 genotype with white matter microstructure in ADHD patients and controls.	van Ewijk H et al.	—	2017	→
Genetic influences on ADHD symptom dimensions: Examination of a priori candidates, gene-based tests, genome-wide variation, and SNP heritability.	Bidwell LC et al.	—	2017	→
Handling hybrid and missing data in constraint-based causal discovery to study the etiology of ADHD.	Sokolova E et al.	—	2017	→
Imaging genetics in neurodevelopmental psychopathology.	Klein M et al.	—	2017	→
Polygenic risk for five psychiatric disorders and cross-disorder and disorder-specific neural connectivity in two independent populations.	Wang T et al.	—	2017	→
Prevalence and correlates for ADHD and relation with social and academic functioning among children and adolescents with HIV/AIDS in Uganda.	Mpango RS et al.	—	2017	→
Reading Performance of Young Adults With ADHD Diagnosed in Childhood.	Miranda A et al.	—	2017	→
Risk factors for the existence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders.	Lamanna AL et al.	—	2017	→
Sequencing of sporadic Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) identifies novel and potentially pathogenic de novo variants and excludes overlap with genes associated with autism spectrum disorder.	Kim DS et al.	—	2017	→
SLC9A9 Co-expression modules in autism-associated brain regions.	Patak J et al.	—	2017	→
Trait Impulsivity and the Externalizing Spectrum.	Beauchaine TP et al.	—	2017	→
Transcriptional profiling of SHR/NCrl prefrontal cortex shows hyperactivity-associated genes responsive to amphetamine challenge.	Dela Peña IJI et al.	—	2017	→
A Genetic Polymorphism of the Human Dopamine Transporter Determines the Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Brain Responses to Rewards and Punishments.	Greer SM et al.	—	2016	→
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Focus upon Aberrant N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Systems.	Archer T et al.	—	2016	→
COMPULS: design of a multicenter phenotypic, cognitive, genetic, and magnetic resonance imaging study in children with compulsive syndromes.	Naaijen J et al.	—	2016	→
Decoding the non-coding genome: elucidating genetic risk outside the coding genome.	Barr CL et al.	—	2016	→
Dopamine and serotonin genetic risk scores predicting substance and nicotine use in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.	Groenman AP et al.	—	2016	→
Ethnicity and Psychiatric Disorders.	Hawes AM et al.	—	2016	→
Exposure to salient, dynamic sensory stimuli during development increases distractibility in adulthood.	Hadas I et al.	—	2016	→
Functional Impact of An ADHD-Associated DIRAS2 Promoter Polymorphism.	Grünewald L et al.	—	2016	→
Gene and Network Analysis of Common Variants Reveals Novel Associations in Multiple Complex Diseases.	Nakka P et al.	—	2016	→
Genome Engineering with TALE and CRISPR Systems in Neuroscience.	Lee HB et al.	—	2016	→
GNB5 mutation causes a novel neuropsychiatric disorder featuring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, severely impaired language development and normal cognition.	Shamseldin HE et al.	—	2016	→
Immune signatures and disorder-specific patterns in a cross-disorder gene expression analysis.	de Jong S et al.	—	2016	→
Increased white matter connectivity in traumatized children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.	Park S et al.	—	2016	→
Interplay between stress response genes associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and brain volume.	van der Meer D et al.	—	2016	→
Moving towards causality in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: overview of neural and genetic mechanisms.	Gallo EF et al.	—	2016	→
Optimal management of ADHD in older adults.	Torgersen T et al.	—	2016	→
Paternal Aging Affects Behavior in Pax6 Mutant Mice: A Gene/Environment Interaction in Understanding Neurodevelopmental Disorders.	Yoshizaki K et al.	—	2016	→
Pathway analysis in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An ensemble approach.	Mooney MA et al.	—	2016	→
Prevalence and assessment of biochemical parameters of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder children in Bangladesh.	Hasan CM et al.	—	2016	→
Sodium-Proton (Na(+)/H(+)) Antiporters: Properties and Roles in Health and Disease.	Padan E et al.	—	2016	→
Aiming for remission in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The primary care goal.	Mattingly G et al.	—	2015	→
A preliminary study on methylphenidate-regulated gene expression in lymphoblastoid cells of ADHD patients.	Schwarz R et al.	—	2015	→
Association between neuroticism and amygdala responsivity emerges under stressful conditions.	Everaerd D et al.	—	2015	→
Association of LPHN3 rs6551665 A/G polymorphism with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in Korean children.	Hwang IW et al.	—	2015	→
Attachment and autonomy problems in adults with ADHD.	Koemans RG et al.	—	2015	→
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in the Light of the Epigenetic Paradigm.	Schuch V et al.	—	2015	→
Case-control genome-wide association study of persistent attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder identifies FBXO33 as a novel susceptibility gene for the disorder.	Sánchez-Mora C et al.	—	2015	→
Causal discovery in an adult ADHD data set suggests indirect link between DAT1 genetic variants and striatal brain activation during reward processing.	Sokolova E et al.	—	2015	→
Clinical utility of guanfacine extended release in the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents.	Bello NT	—	2015	→
Cognitive impairments are different in single-incidence and multi-incidence ADHD families.	Oerlemans AM et al.	—	2015	→
Converging evidence does not support GIT1 as an ADHD risk gene.	Klein M et al.	—	2015	→
Dopamine receptor DRD4 gene and stressful life events in persistent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.	Sánchez-Mora C et al.	—	2015	→
Duplications in ADHD patients harbour neurobehavioural genes that are co-expressed with genes associated with hyperactivity in the mouse.	Taylor A et al.	—	2015	→
Epistatic and gene wide effects in YWHA and aromatic amino hydroxylase genes across ADHD and other common neuropsychiatric disorders: Association with YWHAE.	Jacobsen KK et al.	—	2015	→
Functional characterization of Na+/H+ exchangers of intracellular compartments using proton-killing selection to express them at the plasma membrane.	Milosavljevic N et al.	—	2015	→
Genetics in child and adolescent psychiatry: methodological advances and conceptual issues.	Hohmann S et al.	—	2015	→
Genome-wide analysis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Norway.	Zayats T et al.	—	2015	→
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium analysis of the 48 bp VNTR in the III exon of the DRD4 gene in a sample of parents of ADHD cases.	Trejo S et al.	—	2015	→
Interaction of the 5-HTTLPR and childhood trauma influences memory bias in healthy individuals.	Vrijsen JN et al.	—	2015	→
Lack of neuronal nitric oxide synthase results in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-like behaviors in mice.	Gao Y et al.	—	2015	→
Neural mechanisms of response inhibition and impulsivity in 22q11.2 deletion carriers and idiopathic attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.	Montojo CA et al.	—	2015	→
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) and its adaptor, NOS1AP, as a genetic risk factors for psychiatric disorders.	Freudenberg F et al.	—	2015	→
NHE9 induces chemoradiotherapy resistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by upregulating the Src/Akt/β-catenin pathway and Bcl-2 expression.	Chen J et al.	—	2015	→
On the role of NOS1 ex1f-VNTR in ADHD-allelic, subgroup, and meta-analysis.	Weber H et al.	—	2015	→
Simplex and multiplex stratification in ASD and ADHD families: a promising approach for identifying overlapping and unique underpinnings of ASD and ADHD?	Oerlemans AM et al.	—	2015	→
The classic cadherins in synaptic specificity.	Basu R et al.	—	2015	→
The molecular genetic architecture of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.	Hawi Z et al.	—	2015	→
The NeuroIMAGE study: a prospective phenotypic, cognitive, genetic and MRI study in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Design and descriptives.	von Rhein D et al.	—	2015	→
ADHD and transitions to adult mental health services: a scoping review.	Swift KD et al.	—	2014	→
Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in major depressed and bipolar subjects: role of personality traits and clinical implications.	Di Nicola M et al.	—	2014	→
Advances in molecular genetic studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in China.	Gao Q et al.	—	2014	→
Association of SNAP-25 Gene Ddel and Mnll Polymorphisms with Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.	Herken H et al.	—	2014	→
[A survey on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder].	Quiviger S et al.	—	2014	→
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.	Bokor G et al.	—	2014	→
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an updated review of the essential facts.	Tarver J et al.	—	2014	→
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in offenders and the need for early intervention.	Belcher JR	—	2014	→
Environmental risk factors by gender associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.	Silva D et al.	—	2014	→
Functional effects of dopamine transporter gene genotypes on in vivo dopamine transporter functioning: a meta-analysis.	Faraone SV et al.	—	2014	→
Functional gene-set analysis does not support a major role for synaptic function in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).	Hammerschlag AR et al.	—	2014	→
Genome-wide analysis of rare copy number variations reveals PARK2 as a candidate gene for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.	Jarick I et al.	—	2014	→
Linking genetic variants of the mineralocorticoid receptor and negative memory bias: interaction with prior life adversity.	Vogel S et al.	—	2014	→
Molecular genetic studies of ADHD and its candidate genes: a review.	Li Z et al.	—	2014	→
Neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders represent an interconnected molecular system.	Cristino AS et al.	—	2014	→
Neurotrophin 3 genotype and emotional adverse effects of osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.	Park S et al.	—	2014	→
No evidence for the association between a polymorphism in the PCLO depression candidate gene with memory bias in remitted depressed patients and healthy individuals.	Vrijsen JN et al.	—	2014	→
Prevalence of smoking, alcohol and substance use among adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Denmark compared with the general population.	Madsen AG et al.	—	2014	→
Sex differences in attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: candidate genetic and endocrine mechanisms.	Davies W	—	2014	→
The intracellular Na(+)/H(+) exchanger NHE7 effects a Na(+)-coupled, but not K(+)-coupled proton-loading mechanism in endocytosis.	Milosavljevic N et al.	—	2014	→
The persistence of cognitive deficits in remitted and unremitted ADHD: a case for the state-independence of response inhibition.	McAuley T et al.	—	2014	→
Understanding attention deficit disorder: a neuroscience prospective.	Konopka LM	—	2014	→
A behavioral neuroenergetics theory of ADHD.	Killeen PR et al.	—	2013	→
Analytical strategies for large imaging genetic datasets: experiences from the IMAGEN study.	Nymberg C et al.	—	2013	→
Association between the GRM7 rs3792452 polymorphism and attention deficit hyperacitiveity disorder in a Korean sample.	Park S et al.	—	2013	→
Atomoxetine affects transcription/translation of the NMDA receptor and the norepinephrine transporter in the rat brain--an in vivo study.	Udvardi PT et al.	—	2013	→
Candidate genetic pathways for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show association to hyperactive/impulsive symptoms in children with ADHD.	Bralten J et al.	—	2013	→
Common obesity risk alleles in childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.	Albayrak Ö et al.	—	2013	→
Developmental vulnerability of synapses and circuits associated with neuropsychiatric disorders.	Penzes P et al.	—	2013	→
Directed neuronal differentiation of mouse embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells and their gene expression profiles.	Chen X et al.	—	2013	→
Examining the nature of the association between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and nicotine dependence: a familial risk analysis.	Biederman J et al.	—	2013	→
Functional evaluation of autism-associated mutations in NHE9.	Kondapalli KC et al.	—	2013	→
Functional properties of rare missense variants of human CDH13 found in adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients.	Mavroconstanti T et al.	—	2013	→
Gene-environment interactions in genome-wide association studies: current approaches and new directions.	Winham SJ et al.	—	2013	→
Genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: current findings and future directions.	Akutagava-Martins GC et al.	—	2013	→
Genetic variability in glutamic acid decarboxylase genes: associations with post-traumatic seizures after severe TBI.	Darrah SD et al.	—	2013	→
High loading of polygenic risk for ADHD in children with comorbid aggression.	Hamshere ML et al.	—	2013	→
Home environment: association with hyperactivity/impulsivity in children with ADHD and their non-ADHD siblings.	Mulligan A et al.	—	2013	→
Impact of the ADHD-susceptibility gene CDH13 on development and function of brain networks.	Rivero O et al.	—	2013	→
Investigation of the ZNF804A gene polymorphism with genetic risk for bipolar disorder in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.	Xu X et al.	—	2013	→
Polygenic transmission and complex neuro developmental network for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: genome-wide association study of both common and rare variants.	Yang L et al.	—	2013	→
Response inhibition and ADHD traits: correlates and heritability in a community sample.	Crosbie J et al.	—	2013	→
Sustained treatment effect in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: focus on long-term placebo-controlled randomized maintenance withdrawal and open-label studies.	Goodman DW	—	2013	→
The association between the catechol-O-methyltransferase Val108/158Met polymorphism and hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive symptoms in youth.	Nikolac Perkovic M et al.	—	2013	→
The genetics of alcohol dependence.	Rietschel M et al.	—	2013	→
The Na(+)/H (+) exchanger NHE5 is sorted to discrete intracellular vesicles in the central and peripheral nervous systems.	Lukashova V et al.	—	2013	→
The role of a mineralocorticoid receptor gene functional polymorphism in the symptom dimensions of persistent ADHD.	Kortmann GL et al.	—	2013	→
Twin and sibling studies using health insurance data: the example of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).	Langner I et al.	—	2013	→
What have we learnt about the causes of ADHD?	Thapar A et al.	—	2013	→
White-matter connectivity and methylphenidate-induced changes in attentional performance according to α2A-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms in Korean children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.	Park S et al.	—	2013	→
ADHD and autism: differential diagnosis or overlapping traits? A selective review.	Taurines R et al.	—	2012	→
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder genomics: update for clinicians.	Elia J et al.	—	2012	→
Behavior genetics and postgenomics.	Charney E	—	2012	→
Behavioural genetics of childhood disorders.	Freitag CM et al.	—	2012	→
Cadherins and neuropsychiatric disorders.	Redies C et al.	—	2012	→
Cadherins in brain morphogenesis and wiring.	Hirano S et al.	—	2012	→
Childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as an extreme of a continuous trait: a quantitative genetic study of 8,500 twin pairs.	Larsson H et al.	—	2012	→
Cognitive-behavioral phenotype or comorbid disorder? The case of attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder in neurofibromatosis type 1.	Huijbregts S	—	2012	→
Correlations of gene expression with ratings of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity in Tourette syndrome: a pilot study.	Tian Y et al.	—	2012	→
Current self-reported symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder are associated with total brain volume in healthy adults.	Hoogman M et al.	—	2012	→
Current understanding of human genetics and genetic analysis of psoriasis.	Oka A et al.	—	2012	→
Differential expression of prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS) in patients with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder.	Marín-Méndez JJ et al.	—	2012	→
Genome-wide analysis of copy number variants in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the role of rare variants and duplications at 15q13.3.	Williams NM et al.	—	2012	→
Genome-wide association study of motor coordination problems in ADHD identifies genes for brain and muscle function.	Fliers EA et al.	—	2012	→
Genomic structural variation in psychiatric disorders.	Rucker JJ et al.	—	2012	→
Initial characterization of mice null for Lphn3, a gene implicated in ADHD and addiction.	Wallis D et al.	—	2012	→
Investigating the contribution of common genetic variants to the risk and pathogenesis of ADHD.	Stergiakouli E et al.	—	2012	→
LPHN3 and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: interaction with maternal stress during pregnancy.	Choudhry Z et al.	—	2012	→
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms in Turkish children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.	Ergul E et al.	—	2012	→
Molecular genetics research in ADHD: ethical considerations concerning patients' benefit and resource allocation.	Rothenberger LG	—	2012	→
Neural and behavioral endophenotypes in ADHD.	del Campo N et al.	—	2012	→
Neuropsychological intra-individual variability explains unique genetic variance of ADHD and shows suggestive linkage to chromosomes 12, 13, and 17.	Frazier-Wood AC et al.	—	2012	→
Parent-of-origin effects of FAS and PDLIM1 in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.	Wang KS et al.	—	2012	→
Pharmacotherapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: from cells to circuits.	Minzenberg MJ	—	2012	→
Pilot study: potential transcription markers for adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in whole blood.	Grünblatt E et al.	—	2012	→
Possible effect of norepinephrine transporter polymorphisms on methylphenidate-induced changes in neuropsychological function in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.	Park S et al.	—	2012	→
Quantitative and molecular genetics of ADHD.	Asherson P et al.	—	2012	→
Serotonin 2A Receptor Gene Polymorphism in Korean Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.	Cho SC et al.	—	2012	→
The epigenetic lorax: gene-environment interactions in human health.	Latham KE et al.	—	2012	→
The FMR1 premutation and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): evidence for a complex inheritance.	Hunter JE et al.	—	2012	→
The four causes of ADHD: a framework.	Killeen PR et al.	—	2012	→
The genetics of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults, a review.	Franke B et al.	—	2012	→
To what extent are task-switching deficits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder independent of impaired inhibition?	Rauch WA et al.	—	2012	→
Treatment for co-occurring attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder.	Davis NO et al.	—	2012	→
Twin study of the relationship between adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and adult alcohol dependence.	Edwards AC et al.	—	2012	→
What causes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?	Thapar A et al.	—	2012	→
ADHD in Dutch adults: heritability and linkage study.	Saviouk V et al.	—	2011	→
Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is associated with asthma.	Fasmer OB et al.	—	2011	→
A lifetime of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnostic challenges, treatment and neurobiological mechanisms.	Geissler J et al.	—	2011	→
Animal models to guide clinical drug development in ADHD: lost in translation?	Wickens JR et al.	—	2011	→
[Autism and ADHD across the life span. Differential diagnoses or comorbidity?].	Banaschewski T et al.	—	2011	→
Bipolar disorder risk alleles in adult ADHD patients.	Landaas ET et al.	—	2011	→
CDH13 is associated with working memory performance in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.	Arias-Vásquez A et al.	—	2011	→
DIRAS2 is associated with adult ADHD, related traits, and co-morbid disorders.	Reif A et al.	—	2011	→
Electrophysiological markers of genetic risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.	Tye C et al.	—	2011	→
Endosomal Na+ (K+)/H+ exchanger Nhx1/Vps44 functions independently and downstream of multivesicular body formation.	Kallay LM et al.	—	2011	→
Genetic variations of the melatonin pathway in patients with attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorders.	Chaste P et al.	—	2011	→
Genome-scan for IQ discrepancy in autism: evidence for loci on chromosomes 10 and 16.	Chapman NH et al.	—	2011	→
Genome-wide analysis reveals the vacuolar pH-stat of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Brett CL et al.	—	2011	→
Genome-wide association study in German patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.	Hinney A et al.	—	2011	→
Genome-wide association study of conduct disorder symptomatology.	Dick DM et al.	—	2011	→
Genome-wide copy number variation analysis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: association with neuropeptide Y gene dosage in an extended pedigree.	Lesch KP et al.	—	2011	→
Genome-wide copy number variation study associates metabotropic glutamate receptor gene networks with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.	Elia J et al.	—	2011	→
GIT1 is associated with ADHD in humans and ADHD-like behaviors in mice.	Won H et al.	—	2011	→
Grand challenge in behavioral and psychiatric genetics: quantitative challenges to keeping up with molecular advances.	Knopik VS	—	2011	→
Human plasma glycome in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders.	Pivac N et al.	—	2011	→
Influence of candidate genes on attention problems in children: a longitudinal study.	van Beijsterveldt CE et al.	—	2011	→
Integrated genome-wide association study findings: identification of a neurodevelopmental network for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.	Poelmans G et al.	—	2011	→
Managing ADHD across the lifespan in the primary care setting.	Goodman DW et al.	—	2011	→
Misunderstandings of the genetics and neurobiology of ADHD: moving beyond anachronisms.	Cortese S et al.	—	2011	→
Neurobiology of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.	Purper-Ouakil D et al.	—	2011	→
Nitric oxide synthase genotype modulation of impulsivity and ventral striatal activity in adult ADHD patients and healthy comparison subjects.	Hoogman M et al.	—	2011	→
Presynaptic regulation of quantal size: K+/H+ exchange stimulates vesicular glutamate transport.	Goh GY et al.	—	2011	→
Profiling trait anxiety: transcriptome analysis reveals cathepsin B (Ctsb) as a novel candidate gene for emotionality in mice.	Czibere L et al.	—	2011	→
Psychopathological aspects of dopaminergic gene polymorphisms in adolescence and young adulthood.	Nemoda Z et al.	—	2011	→
The relation between ADHD symptoms and fine motor control: a genetic study.	Polderman TJ et al.	—	2011	→
Why are autism spectrum conditions more prevalent in males?	Baron-Cohen S et al.	—	2011	→
Analysis of GWAS top hits in ADHD suggests association to two polymorphisms located in genes expressed in the cerebellum.	Lantieri F et al.	—	2010	→
Animal models of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a critical review.	Sontag TA et al.	—	2010	→
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a focused overview for children's environmental health researchers.	Aguiar A et al.	—	2010	→
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the dopaminergic hypotheses.	Genro JP et al.	—	2010	→
Do candidate genes discriminate patients with an autism spectrum disorder from those with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and is there an effect of lifetime substance use disorders?	Sizoo B et al.	—	2010	→
DRD4 and DAT1 in ADHD: Functional neurobiology to pharmacogenetics.	Turic D et al.	—	2010	→
Effects of antenatal dexamethasone treatment on glucocorticoid receptor and calcyon gene expression in the prefrontal cortex of neonatal and adult common marmoset monkeys.	Diaz Heijtz R et al.	—	2010	→
European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD.	Kooij SJ et al.	—	2010	→
Fitting the pieces together: current research on the genetic basis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).	Stergiakouli E et al.	—	2010	→
Genetic epidemiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD index) in adults.	Boomsma DI et al.	—	2010	→
Genetic influences on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms from age 2 to 3: a quantitative and molecular genetic investigation.	Ilott NE et al.	—	2010	→
Genetic variants in SLC9A9 are associated with measures of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in families.	Markunas CA et al.	—	2010	→
Mania and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: common symptomatology, common pathophysiology and common treatment?	Hegerl U et al.	—	2010	→
Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an overview.	Banaschewski T et al.	—	2010	→
Phenotypic and measurement influences on heritability estimates in childhood ADHD.	Freitag CM et al.	—	2010	→
Phenotypic complexity, measurement bias, and poor phenotypic resolution contribute to the missing heritability problem in genetic association studies.	van der Sluis S et al.	—	2010	→
Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a genome-wide analysis.	Williams NM et al.	—	2010	→
Shared heritability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder.	Rommelse NN et al.	—	2010	→
Supervised machine learning and logistic regression identifies novel epistatic risk factors with PTPN22 for rheumatoid arthritis.	Briggs FB et al.	—	2010	→
The DRD4 receptor Exon 3 VNTR and 5' SNP variants and mRNA expression in human post-mortem brain tissue.	Simpson J et al.	—	2010	→
The role of histamine degradation gene polymorphisms in moderating the effects of food additives on children's ADHD symptoms.	Stevenson J et al.	—	2010	→
Toward a better understanding of ADHD: LPHN3 gene variants and the susceptibility to develop ADHD.	Arcos-Burgos M et al.	—	2010	→
Twin studies and their implications for molecular genetic studies: endophenotypes integrate quantitative and molecular genetics in ADHD research.	Wood AC et al.	—	2010	→
A role for neurotransmission and neurodevelopment in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.	Roman T et al.	—	2009	→
Candidate gene studies of ADHD: a meta-analytic review.	Gizer IR et al.	—	2009	→
Choline transporter gene variation is associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.	English BA et al.	—	2009	→
COMUS: Clinician-Oriented locus-specific MUtation detection and deposition System.	Jho S et al.	—	2009	→
Genetics and the brain: many pathways to enlightenment.	O'Donovan MC et al.	—	2009	→
Genetics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).	Sharp SI et al.	—	2009	→
Neurobiology of ADHD.	Tripp G et al.	—	2009	→
The spontaneously hypertensive rat model of ADHD--the importance of selecting the appropriate reference strain.	Sagvolden T et al.	—	2009	→
Understanding genes, environment and their interaction in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: is there a role for neuroimaging?	Plomp E et al.	—	2009	→