The influence of gene-environment interactions on the development of alcoholism and drug dependence.
- Authors
- Enoch, Mary-Anne
- Year
- 2012
- Journal
- Current psychiatry reports
- PMID
- 22367454
- DOI
- 10.1007/s11920-011-0252-9
- PMCID
- PMC3470472
Alcoholism and drug dependence are common psychiatric disorders with a heritability of about 50%; therefore genetic and environmental influences are equally important. Early-life stress is a predictor of adolescent problem drinking/drug use and alcohol/drug dependence in adulthood, but moderating factors governing the availability of alcohol/drug are important. The risk-resilience balance for addiction may be due in part to the interaction between genetic variation and environment stressors (G × E); this has been confirmed by twin studies of inferred genetic risk. Measured genotype studies to detect G × E effects have used a range of alcohol consumption and diagnostic phenotypes and stressors ranging from early-life to adulthood past year life events. In this article, the current state of the field is critically reviewed and suggestions are put forth for future research.
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