Genetics of Opioid Dependence: A Review of the Genetic Contribution to Opioid Dependence.
- Authors
- Mistry, Chetna J; Bawor, Monica; Desai, Dipika; Marsh, David C; Samaan, Zainab
- Year
- 2014
- Journal
- Current psychiatry reviews
- PMID
- 25242908
- DOI
- 10.2174/1573400510666140320000928
- PMCID
- PMC4155832
This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the impact of opioid dependence and the contribution of genetics to opioid dependence. Epidemiological data demonstrate that opioid dependence is a global trend with far-reaching effects on the social, economic, and health care systems. A review of classical genetic studies of opioid use suggests significant heritability of drug use behavior, however the evidence from molecular genetic studies is inconclusive. Nonetheless, certain genetic variants are important to consider given their role in the pathophysiology of addictive behavior. We undertook a literature review to identify the current state of knowledge regarding the role of genes in opioid dependence. Determining the association of genetic markers could change the current understanding of the various factors contributing to opioid dependence and therefore may improve recognition of individuals at risk for the disorder and prevention and treatment strategies.
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| 40 | GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OPIOID DEPENDENCE β Candidate Gene Studies β B. Opioid Receptors β i. OPRM1 | In contrast to Bond et alβs study which did not detect the rs1799972 SNP in a Caucasian populationβ¦ |
| 41 | GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OPIOID DEPENDENCE β Candidate Gene Studies β B. Opioid Receptors β i. OPRM1 | In response to evidence of an association between the rs1799971 SNP and opioid dependence, studiesβ¦ |
| 42 | GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OPIOID DEPENDENCE β Candidate Gene Studies β B. Opioid Receptors β i. OPRM1 | able to induce a greater response at a lower concentration when compared to the common ΞΌ receptor.β¦ |
| 43 | GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OPIOID DEPENDENCE β Candidate Gene Studies β B. Opioid Receptors β ii. OPRD1 | The gene that codes for the Ξ΄ opioid receptor, opioid receptor delta 1 (OPRD1), is located onβ¦ |
| 44 | GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OPIOID DEPENDENCE β Candidate Gene Studies β B. Opioid Receptors β ii. OPRD1 | In an association and family study, Franke et al. [77] failed to find an association between theβ¦ |
| 45 | GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OPIOID DEPENDENCE β Candidate Gene Studies β B. Opioid Receptors β ii. OPRD1 | A larger study by Zhang et al. [12] examined 1063 European Americans, including 620 cases diagnosedβ¦ |
| 46 | GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OPIOID DEPENDENCE β Candidate Gene Studies β B. Opioid Receptors β iii. OPRK1 | The opioid receptor kappa 1 (OPRK1) gene, located on chromosome 8q11.2 [78], codes for the ΞΊ opioidβ¦ |
| 47 | GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OPIOID DEPENDENCE β Candidate Gene Studies β B. Opioid Receptors β iii. OPRK1 | In a study of Western Europeans, Gerra et al. [59] genotyped 106 heroin-dependent subjects and 70β¦ |
| 48 | GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OPIOID DEPENDENCE β Candidate Gene Studies β B. Opioid Receptors β iii. OPRK1 | There is limited evidence that individual OPRK1 SNPs are associated with substance dependence;β¦ |
| 49 | GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OPIOID DEPENDENCE β Candidate Gene Studies β C. Neurotrophic Factors | Neurotrophins are a family of regulatory proteins that are necessary for the growth, survival, andβ¦ |
| 50 | GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OPIOID DEPENDENCE β Candidate Gene Studies β C. Neurotrophic Factors β i. BDNF | BDNF is encoded by the BDNF gene, which is located on chromosome 11p14 [84], and has been associatedβ¦ |
| 51 | GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OPIOID DEPENDENCE β Candidate Gene Studies β C. Neurotrophic Factors β i. BDNF | In addition, studies involving BDNF gene deletions have shown that decreased hippocampal BDNF may beβ¦ |
| 52 | GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OPIOID DEPENDENCE β Candidate Gene Studies β C. Neurotrophic Factors β i. BDNF | Similar to opioid receptor genes, the BDNF gene also contains several SNPs that have been linked toβ¦ |
| 53 | GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OPIOID DEPENDENCE β Candidate Gene Studies β C. Neurotrophic Factors β i. BDNF | Several studies have examined the relationship between heroin dependence and BDNF function andβ¦ |
| 54 | GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OPIOID DEPENDENCE β Candidate Gene Studies β C. Neurotrophic Factors β i. BDNF | genotype, which is significantly lower than both homozygous groups (21.2 Β± 8.1 and 23.8 Β± 7.5 forβ¦ |
| 55 | GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OPIOID DEPENDENCE β Candidate Gene Studies β C. Neurotrophic Factors β ii. NRXN3 | Neurexins (NRXNs) are presynaptic transmembrane proteins that primarily act as cell adhesionβ¦ |
| 56 | GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OPIOID DEPENDENCE β Candidate Gene Studies β C. Neurotrophic Factors β iii. NGFB | Nerve growth factor (NGF), located on chromosome 1p13.1 [85], is a member of the neurotrophin familyβ¦ |
| 57 | GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OPIOID DEPENDENCE β Candidate Gene Studies β C. Neurotrophic Factors β iii. NGFB | A study by Levran et al. [85] analyzed 15 SNPs in the NGFB gene and their association with treatmentβ¦ |
| 58 | SUMMARY | We sought to provide an overview of opioid dependence including epidemiology and genetic⦠|
| 59 | SUMMARY | larger studies included Zhang et al.βs study, which examined 1063 European American individualsβ¦ |
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