The power of meta-analysis in genome-wide association studies.
- Authors
- Panagiotou, Orestis A; Willer, Cristen J; Hirschhorn, Joel N; Ioannidis, John P A
- Year
- 2013
- Journal
- Annual review of genomics and human genetics
- PMID
- 23724904
- DOI
- 10.1146/annurev-genom-091212-153520
- PMCID
- PMC4040957
Meta-analysis of multiple genome-wide association (GWA) studies has become common practice over the past few years. The main advantage of this technique is the maximization of power to detect subtle genetic effects for common traits. Moreover, one can use meta-analysis to probe and identify heterogeneity in the effect sizes across the combined studies. In this review, we systematically appraise and evaluate the characteristics of GWA meta-analyses with 10,000 or more subjects published up to June 2012. We provide an overview of the current landscape of variants discovered by GWA meta-analyses, and we discuss and assess with extrapolations from empirical data the value of larger meta-analyses for the discovery of additional genetic associations and new biology in the future. Finally, we discuss some emerging logistical and practical issues related to the conduct of meta-analysis of GWA studies.
SNPs associated via GWA studies in > 10,000 individuals were compared to the entire set of SNPs typically examined in a GWA study including imputation and to the HapMap Phase II SNPs. A) The proportion of SNPs in each minor allele frequency bin are shown in and B) the cumulative proportion of SNPs that show a gene within a certain distance (kb) is plotted.
The effective sample size (see text for details) is plotted against the number of loci reaching genome wide significance for genome-wide association studies for height (top), the combination of three lipid traits (middle; HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides), and the combination of two blood pressure traits (bottom; systolic and diastolic blood pressure). In each case, the largest study is removed, and a line through the origin is fitted to the remaining studies (circles). The number of loci in the largest study (filled triangle) is greater than or equal to that predicted by extrapolating the line to the effective sample size of the largest study (open triangle).
| # | Section | Preview |
|---|---|---|
| 20 | PART 1: EMPIRICAL APPRAISAL OF PUBLISHED GWA META-ANALYSES β 1.2. RESULTS | Table 2 describes the 45 GWA reports where at least one type of functional work accompanying theβ¦ |
| 21 | PART 1: EMPIRICAL APPRAISAL OF PUBLISHED GWA META-ANALYSES β 1.2. RESULTS | Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database (n=3 reports); gene-interactions and gene ontology (n=2 reportsβ¦ |
| 22 | PART 1: EMPIRICAL APPRAISAL OF PUBLISHED GWA META-ANALYSES β 1.2. RESULTS | Finally, Table 3 lists the contribution of the discovered loci to the total genetic variance of theβ¦ |
| 23 | PART 1: EMPIRICAL APPRAISAL OF PUBLISHED GWA META-ANALYSES β 1.2. RESULTS | 115 validated SNPs explained less than 7% of the variance of height. Many phenotypes had very lowβ¦ |
| 24 | PART 2: THE FUTURE OF GWA META-ANALYSIS β 2.1. FEATURES OF GWA VARIANTS DISCOVERED AND TO BE DISCOVERED | With such a large number of discovered common variants in GWA studies and meta-analyses thereof, oneβ¦ |
| 25 | PART 2: THE FUTURE OF GWA META-ANALYSIS β 2.1. FEATURES OF GWA VARIANTS DISCOVERED AND TO BE DISCOVERED | Several features of the genome led to the ability to perform GWA studies; i) that most commonβ¦ |
| 26 | PART 2: THE FUTURE OF GWA META-ANALYSIS β 2.1. FEATURES OF GWA VARIANTS DISCOVERED AND TO BE DISCOVERED | It has been proposed that distant, rare variants may be responsible for association signals withβ¦ |
| 27 | PART 2: THE FUTURE OF GWA META-ANALYSIS β 2.1. FEATURES OF GWA VARIANTS DISCOVERED AND TO BE DISCOVERED | The hypothesis that most GWA discovered loci will have an underlying common variant that impactsβ¦ |
| 28 | PART 2: THE FUTURE OF GWA META-ANALYSIS β 2.1. FEATURES OF GWA VARIANTS DISCOVERED AND TO BE DISCOVERED | The increased commonality of GWA discovered variants relative to those in the genome (Figure 1A) isβ¦ |
| 29 | PART 2: THE FUTURE OF GWA META-ANALYSIS β 2.1. FEATURES OF GWA VARIANTS DISCOVERED AND TO BE DISCOVERED | The ability of GWA meta-analyses to identify rare associated variants can be improved withβ¦ |
| 30 | PART 2: THE FUTURE OF GWA META-ANALYSIS β 2.1. FEATURES OF GWA VARIANTS DISCOVERED AND TO BE DISCOVERED | Another interim approach between GWA studies and sequencing is to assay rare (and common) variantsβ¦ |
| 31 | PART 2: THE FUTURE OF GWA META-ANALYSIS β 2.1. FEATURES OF GWA VARIANTS DISCOVERED AND TO BE DISCOVERED | that aggregate the evidence for association across all functional variants in aβ¦ |
| 32 | PART 2: THE FUTURE OF GWA META-ANALYSIS β 2.1. FEATURES OF GWA VARIANTS DISCOVERED AND TO BE DISCOVERED | There have been some early success stories from sequencing of candidate genes for common diseasesβ¦ |
| 33 | PART 2: THE FUTURE OF GWA META-ANALYSIS β 2.2. WHY DO LARGER META-ANALYSES? | It is important to consider whether further increases in sample size will continue to yield new,β¦ |
| 34 | PART 2: THE FUTURE OF GWA META-ANALYSIS β 2.2. WHY DO LARGER META-ANALYSES? | In theory, GWA studies could at some point reach saturation for discovering new loci. It is becomingβ¦ |
| 35 | PART 2: THE FUTURE OF GWA META-ANALYSIS β 2.3. CAN ONE PREDICT THE OUTCOME OF LARGER META-ANALYSES? | The ability to discover a new association depends on the effect size and allele frequency for theβ¦ |
| 36 | PART 2: THE FUTURE OF GWA META-ANALYSIS β 2.3. CAN ONE PREDICT THE OUTCOME OF LARGER META-ANALYSES? | One approach to predicting the outcome of future studies rests on the observation that most GWAβ¦ |
| 37 | PART 2: THE FUTURE OF GWA META-ANALYSIS β 2.3. CAN ONE PREDICT THE OUTCOME OF LARGER META-ANALYSES? | explained) that is at least as large as some of the variants discovered in the earlier study (54,β¦ |
| 38 | PART 2: THE FUTURE OF GWA META-ANALYSIS β 2.3. CAN ONE PREDICT THE OUTCOME OF LARGER META-ANALYSES? | It is also possible to use genome-wide association data to estimate the total amount of phenotypicβ¦ |
| 39 | PART 2: THE FUTURE OF GWA META-ANALYSIS β 2.3. CAN ONE PREDICT THE OUTCOME OF LARGER META-ANALYSES? | Although current theoretical and empirical estimates of future success are fraught with uncertainty,β¦ |
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