Genetic association study of childhood aggression across raters, instruments, and age.

paper Primary Public

Authors: Ip, Hill F; van der Laan, Camiel M; Krapohl, Eva M L; Brikell, Isabell; Sánchez-Mora, Cristina; Nolte, Ilja M; St Pourcain, Beate; Bolhuis, Koen; Palviainen, Teemu; Zafarmand, Hadi; Colodro-Conde, Lucía; Gordon, Scott; Zayats, Tetyana; Aliev, Fazil; Jiang, Chang; Wang, Carol A; Saunders, Gretchen; Karhunen, Ville; Hammerschlag, Anke R; Adkins, Daniel E; Border, Richard; Peterson, Roseann E; Prinz, Joseph A; Thiering, Elisabeth; Seppälä, Ilkka; Vilor-Tejedor, Natàlia; Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S; Day, Felix R; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan; Allegrini, Andrea G; Rimfeld, Kaili; Chen, Qi; Lu, Yi; Martin, Joanna; Soler Artigas, María; Rovira, Paula; Bosch, Rosa; Español, Gemma; Ramos Quiroga, Josep Antoni; Neumann, Alexander; Ensink, Judith; Grasby, Katrina; Morosoli, José J; Tong, Xiaoran; Marrington, Shelby; Middeldorp, Christel; Scott, James G; Vinkhuyzen, Anna; Shabalin, Andrey A; Corley, Robin; Evans, Luke M; Sugden, Karen; Alemany, Silvia; Sass, Lærke; Vinding, Rebecca; Ruth, Kate; Tyrrell, Jess; Davies, Gareth E; Ehli, Erik A; Hagenbeek, Fiona A; De Zeeuw, Eveline; Van Beijsterveldt, Toos C E M; Larsson, Henrik; Snieder, Harold; Verhulst, Frank C; Amin, Najaf; Whipp, Alyce M; Korhonen, Tellervo; Vuoksimaa, Eero; Rose, Richard J; Uitterlinden, André G; Heath, Andrew C; Madden, Pamela; Haavik, Jan; Harris, Jennifer R; Helgeland, Øyvind; Johansson, Stefan; Knudsen, Gun Peggy S; Njolstad, Pal Rasmus; Lu, Qing; Rodriguez, Alina; Henders, Anjali K; Mamun, Abdullah; Najman, Jackob M; Brown, Sandy; Hopfer, Christian; Krauter, Kenneth; Reynolds, Chandra; Smolen, Andrew; Stallings, Michael; Wadsworth, Sally; Wall, Tamara L; Silberg, Judy L; Miller, Allison; Keltikangas-Järvinen, Liisa; Hakulinen, Christian; Pulkki-Råback, Laura; Havdahl, Alexandra; Magnus, Per; Raitakari, Olli T; Perry, John R B; Llop, Sabrina; Lopez-Espinosa, Maria-Jose; Bønnelykke, Klaus; Bisgaard, Hans; Sunyer, Jordi; Lehtimäki, Terho; Arseneault, Louise; Standl, Marie; Heinrich, Joachim; Boden, Joseph; Pearson, John; Horwood, L John; Kennedy, Martin; Poulton, Richie; Eaves, Lindon J; Maes, Hermine H; Hewitt, John; Copeland, William E; Costello, Elizabeth J; Williams, Gail M; Wray, Naomi; Järvelin, Marjo-Riitta; McGue, Matt; Iacono, William; Caspi, Avshalom; Moffitt, Terrie E; Whitehouse, Andrew; Pennell, Craig E; Klump, Kelly L; Burt, S Alexandra; Dick, Danielle M; Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted; Martin, Nicholas G; Medland, Sarah E; Vrijkotte, Tanja; Kaprio, Jaakko; Tiemeier, Henning; Davey Smith, George; Hartman, Catharina A; Oldehinkel, Albertine J; Casas, Miquel; Ribasés, Marta; Lichtenstein, Paul; Lundström, Sebastian; Plomin, Robert; Bartels, Meike; Nivard, Michel G; Boomsma, Dorret I
Year: 2021
Journal: Translational psychiatry
PMID: 34330890
DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01480-x
PMCID: PMC8324785

Childhood aggressive behavior (AGG) has a substantial heritability of around 50%. Here we present a genome-wide association meta-analysis (GWAMA) of childhood AGG, in which all phenotype measures across childhood ages from multiple assessors were included. We analyzed phenotype assessments for a total of 328 935 observations from 87 485 children aged between 1.5 and 18 years, while accounting for sample overlap. We also meta-analyzed within subsets of the data, i.e., within rater, instrument and age. SNP-heritability for the overall meta-analysis (AGG) was 3.31% (SE = 0.0038). We found no genome-wide significant SNPs for AGG. The gene-based analysis returned three significant genes: ST3GAL3 (P = 1.6E-06), PCDH7 (P = 2.0E-06), and IPO13 (P = 2.5E-06). All three genes have previously been associated with educational traits. Polygenic scores based on our GWAMA significantly predicted aggression in a holdout sample of children (variance explained = 0.44%) and in retrospectively assessed childhood aggression (variance explained = 0.20%). Genetic correlations (r) among rater-specific assessment of AGG ranged from r = 0.46 between self- and teacher-assessment to r = 0.81 between mother- and teacher-assessment. We obtained moderate-to-strong rs with selected phenotypes from multiple domains, but hardly with any of the classical biomarkers thought to be associated with AGG. Significant genetic correlations were observed with most psychiatric and psychological traits (range [Formula: see text]: 0.19-1.00), except for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Aggression had a negative genetic correlation (r = ~-0.5) with cognitive traits and age at first birth. Aggression was strongly genetically correlated with smoking phenotypes (range [Formula: see text]: 0.46-0.60). The genetic correlations between aggression and psychiatric disorders were weaker for teacher-reported AGG than for mother- and self-reported AGG. The current GWAMA of childhood aggression provides a powerful tool to interrogate the rater-specific genetic etiology of AGG.

#	Section	Preview
20	Methodology — Genetic correlations with external phenotypes	A \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts}…
21	Results — Overall GWAMA	We first meta-analyzed the effect of each SNP across all available univariate GWASs. Assuming an…
22	Results — Overall GWAMA	chromosome 2 (rs2570485; P = 2.0E–07). The SNP is located inside a gene desert, without any gene…
23	Results — Overall GWAMA	We tested previously reported genome-wide significant associations for AGG [1] and performed a…
24	Results — Gene-based analysis	After correction for multiple testing, the gene-based analysis returned three significant results…
25	Results — Gene-based analysis	and adventurousness. The top SNP for PCDH7 (rs13138213; P = 1.44E–06) is in strong LD (r2 > 0.8)…
26	Results — Polygenic prediction	In children, 11 out of 16 PGSs were significantly correlated with mother-reported AGG in 7-year olds…
27	Results — Genetic correlation with external phenotypes	Genetic correlations between AGGoverall and a set of preselected external phenotypes are shown in…
28	Results — Stratified assessment of childhood aggressive behavior	Separate meta-analyses were carried out for raters, instruments and age. None of these GWAMAs…
29	Results — Stratified assessment of childhood aggressive behavior	We performed a GWAMA across all GWASs where an ASEBA scale was used (AGGASEBA) and another GWAMA…
30	Results — Stratified assessment of childhood aggressive behavior	Age-specific GWAMAs were performed for mother- and self-reported AGG, which made up 77.5% of the…
31	Results — Genetic correlation between rater-specific assessment of AGG and external phenotypes	We estimated rater-specific rgs with the external phenotypes, except for father-reported AGG, and…
32	Results — Genetic correlation between rater-specific assessment of AGG and external phenotypes	Next, we tested for each external phenotype whether the three rater-specific rgs with the external…
33	Discussion	We present the largest GWAMA of childhood AGG to date. The gene-based analysis implicated three…
34	Discussion	sex-, rater-, age-, and instrument-specific assessment of AGG with attention problems and…
35	Discussion	We examined genetic correlations with classical biomarkers of AGG. Higher levels of aggression have…
36	Discussion	and seem context-dependent [44]. We found significant negative, rgs between AGGoverall and…
37	Discussion	The stratified design of our study also allowed for examination of the genetic etiology of AGG in…
38	Discussion	of power, however, seems insufficient to explain why we found weaker rgs between AGGTeacher and…
39	Discussion	Despite the considerable sample sizes, we were still underpowered to compute genetic correlations…

Name	Type
1000 Genomes (Phase 3 Release 5) local	cohort
1000 Genomes Project	cohort
7-year olds local	cohort
ADHD	phenotype
adolescents	cohort
adult antisocial behavior	phenotype
adventurousness	phenotype
age at first birth	phenotype
age at smoking initiation	phenotype
AGGASEBA local	phenotype
AGG_Father local	phenotype
AGGM7 local	phenotype
AGG_Mother local	phenotype
AGGMother local	phenotype
AGGoverall local	cohort
AGGoverall local	phenotype
aggression	phenotype
Aggression (AGG) local	phenotype
Aggression (childhood) local	phenotype
AGGS13 local	phenotype
AGGSDQ local	phenotype
AGG_Self local	phenotype
AGGSelf local	phenotype
AGGSR local	phenotype
AGG_Teacher local	phenotype
AGGTeacher local	phenotype
anthropometric traits	phenotype
antisocial personality disorder	phenotype
anxiety	phenotype
ASD	phenotype
ASEBA scale local	phenotype
ASEBA scales local	phenotype
attention problems	phenotype
Australia	cohort
behavioral phenotypes	phenotype
birth weight	phenotype
cannabis dependence	phenotype
CD	phenotype
CD symptom score local	phenotype
childhood AGG local	phenotype
Childhood AGG polygenic score local	phenotype
childhood aggression local	phenotype
Childhood Aggression local	phenotype
childhood cohorts local	cohort
childhood IQ	phenotype
childhood traits local	phenotype
children	cohort
Children (7-year olds) local	cohort
cognition	phenotype
cognitive phenotypes	phenotype
cognitive traits	phenotype
college or university degree local	phenotype
complex traits	phenotype
conduct disorder	phenotype
Criminal convictions local	phenotype
CTI local	drug
developmental phenotypes local	phenotype
discovery GWAS	cohort
educational attainment	phenotype
educational outcomes	phenotype
European ancestry	cohort
externalizing disorders	phenotype
external phenotypes local	phenotype
External phenotypes local	phenotype
father-reported AGG local	phenotype
Father-reported AGG local	phenotype
GWAS	cohort
Having more children local	phenotype
Having offspring earlier in life local	phenotype
HDL cholesterol	phenotype
heart rate	phenotype
heart rate variability	phenotype
hyperactivity	phenotype
intelligence	phenotype
IPO13 local	gene
LDL local	drug
lifetime cannabis use local	drug
lipids	drug
MAGMA	drug
Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy local	cohort
mood disorders	phenotype
Mother-rated AGG local	phenotype
Neff local	drug
Netherlands Twin Register	cohort
neuroscientific phenotypes local	phenotype
New Zealand	cohort
oppositional defiant disorder	phenotype
parents	cohort
PCDH7 local	gene
personality traits	phenotype
PhenoScanner local	cohort
phenotype	phenotype
phenotypic correlation local	phenotype
polygenic risk score	cohort
psychiatric disorders	phenotype
psychiatric traits	phenotype
psychopathological phenotypes local	phenotype
QIMR	cohort
Queensland Institute for Medical Research local	cohort
reproductive traits	phenotype
Resting heart rate local	phenotype
rs11215217	variant
rs113599846 local	variant
rs13138213 local	variant
rs2485997 local	variant
rs2570485 local	variant
rs2764450	variant
rs3791116 local	variant
rs4714329 local	variant
sample overlap local	drug
sample size local	drug
schizophrenia	phenotype
SDQ local	phenotype
Self-rated AGG local	phenotype
self-reported AGG local	phenotype
Self-reported AGG local	phenotype
self-reported health	phenotype
smoking behavior	phenotype
smoking initiation	phenotype
smoking quantity	phenotype
SNP	cohort
Social dominance	phenotype
ST3GAL3	gene
study cohort	cohort
subjective well-being	phenotype
substance use	phenotype
Teacher-rated AGG local	phenotype
teacher-reported AGG local	phenotype
Teacher-reported AGG local	phenotype
teachers	cohort
testosterone	drug
Testosterone levels local	phenotype
TNRC18 local	gene
trait	phenotype
UKB	cohort
UK Biobank	cohort
USA	cohort

Citation	PMID	DOI	Status
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.	—	—	—
Anderson, CA et al., Annu Rev Psychol, 2002, Human aggression	11752478	10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231	Cited
Baron RA, Richardson DR. Human aggression. 2nd ed. Plenum Press: New York; 1994.	—	—	—
Barry, TD et al., J Psychiatr Res, 2013, The latent structure of oppositional defiant disorder in children andadults	24075326	10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.08.016	Cited
Bartels, M et al., Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2018, Childhood aggression and the co-occurrence of behavioural and emotional problems: results across ages 3–16 years from multiple raters in six cohorts in the EU-ACTION project	29845340	10.1007/s00787-018-1169-1	Cited
Baselmans, BML et al., Nat Genet, 2019, Multivariate genome-wide analyses of the well-being spectrum	30643256	10.1038/s41588-018-0320-8	Cited
Bongers, IL et al., Child Dev, 2004, Developmental trajectories of externalizing behaviors in childhood and adolescence	15369529	10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00755.x	Cited
Brain PF, Susman EJ. Hormonal aspects of aggression and violence. In: Stoff, DM, Breiling, J, Maser JD (Eds.). Handbook of antisocial behavior. John Wiley & Sons Inc.: Hoboken; 1997;314–23.	—	—	—
Bulik-Sullivan, B et al., Nat Genet, 2015, An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits	26414676	10.1038/ng.3406	Cited
Bulik-Sullivan, BK et al., Nat Genet, 2015, LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies	25642630	10.1038/ng.3211	Cited
Bycroft, C et al., Nature, 2018, The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data	30305743	10.1038/s41586-018-0579-z	Cited
Chang, CC et al., Gigascience, 2015, Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets	25722852	10.1186/s13742-015-0047-8	Cited
de Leeuw, CA et al., PLOS Comput Biol, 2015, MAGMA: generalized gene-set analysis of GWAS data	25885710	10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004219	Cited
Foster, EM et al., Am J Public Health, 2005, The Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. The high costs of aggression: public expenditures resulting from conduct disorder	16131639	10.2105/AJPH.2004.061424	Cited
Grotzinger, AD et al., Nat Hum Behav, 2019, Genomic structural equation modelling provides insights into the multivariate genetic architecture of complex traits	30962613	10.1038/s41562-019-0566-x	Cited
Hagenbeek, FA, J Pediatr Neonatal Individ Med, 2018, Adult aggressive behavior in humans and biomarkers: a focus on lipids and methylation	—	—	—
Harris, JA et al., Behav Genet, 1998, The heritability of testosterone: a study of Dutch adolescent twins and their parents	9670592	10.1023/A:1021466929053	Cited
Hawley PH, Little TD, Rodkin PC. Aggression and adaptaion: the bright side to bad behavior. 1st ed. New York: Routledge; 2007 10.4324/9780203936900	—	—	—
Hawley PH. Social dominance in childhood and adolescence: why social competence and aggression may go hand in hand. In: Hawley PH, Little TD, Rodkin PC, editors. Aggression and adaptation: the bright side to bad behavior. New York: Routledge; 2007. p. 1–22.	—	—	—
Heron, J et al., Addiction, 2013, Childhood conduct disorder trajectories, prior risk factors and cannabis use at age 16: birth cohort study	23734913	10.1111/add.12268	Cited
Hudziak, JJ et al., Behav Genet, 2003, Individual differences in aggression: genetic analyses by age, gender, and informant in 3-, 7-, and 10-year-old Dutch twins	14574134	10.1023/A:1025782918793	Cited
Huesmann, LR et al., Aggress Behav, 2009, Continuity of aggression from childhood to early adulthood as a predictor of life outcomes: implications for the adolescent-limited and life-course-persistent models	19189380	10.1002/ab.20300	Cited
Latvala, A et al., JAMA Psychiatry, 2016, Association of resting heart rate and blood pressure in late adolescence with subsequent mental disorders	27784035	10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2717	Cited
Lubke, GH et al., Dev Psychol, 2018, Genetic and environmental contributions to the development of childhood aggression	29058931	10.1037/dev0000403	Cited
Martin, AR et al., Biol Psychiatry, 2019, Predicting polygenic risk of psychiatric disorders	30737014	10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.12.015	Cited
Odgers, CL et al., Dev Psychopathol, 2008, Female and male antisocial trajectories: from childhood origins to adult outcomes	18423100	10.1017/S0954579408000333	Cited
Odintsova, VV et al., Psychiatr Genet, 2019, Genomics of human aggression: current state of genome-wide studies and an automated systematic review tool	31464998	10.1097/YPG.0000000000000239	Cited
Pasaniuc, B et al., Nat Rev Genet, 2017, Dissecting the genetics of complex traits using summary association statistics	27840428	10.1038/nrg.2016.142	Cited
Porsch, RM et al., Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 2016, Longitudinal heritability of childhood aggression	26786601	10.1002/ajmg.b.32420	Cited
Purcell, S et al., Am J Hum Genet, 2007, PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses	17701901	10.1086/519795	Cited
Raine, A et al., Aggress Behav, 2014, Low heart rate as a risk factor for child and adolescent proactive aggressive and impulsive psychopathic behavior	24604759	10.1002/ab.21523	Cited
Ramirez, JM, Aggress Violent Behav, 2003, Hormones and aggression in childhood and adolescence	—	10.1016/S1359-1789(02)00102-7	Cited
Rautiainen, M-R et al., Transl Psychiatry, 2016, Genome-wide association study of antisocial personality disorder	27598967	10.1038/tp.2016.155	Cited
Rivenbark, JG et al., J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2018, The high societal costs of childhood conduct problems: evidence from administrative records up to age 38 in a longitudinal birth cohort	29197100	10.1111/jcpp.12850	Cited
Rogers, P et al., Am J Appl Math Stat, 2015, Modification of the sandwich estimator in generalized estimating equations with correlated binary outcomes in rare event and small sample settings	26998504	10.12691/ajams-3-6-5	Cited
Tielbeek, JJ et al., JAMA Psychiatry, 2017, Genome-wide association studies of a broad spectrum of antisocial behavior	28979981	10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3069	Cited
Tremblay, RE et al., Annu Rev Psychol, 2018, Developmental origins of chronic physical aggression: a bio-psycho-social model for the next generation of preventive interventions	29035692	10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044030	Cited
Turley, P et al., Nat Genet, 2018, Multi-trait analysis of genome-wide association summary statistics using MTAG	29292387	10.1038/s41588-017-0009-4	Cited
Tuvblad, C et al., Adv Genet, 2011, Human aggression across the lifespan: genetic propensities and environmental moderators	22078481	10.1016/B978-0-12-380858-5.00007-1	Cited
van Beijsterveldt, CEM et al., Behav Genet, 2003, Causes of stability of aggression from early childhood to adolescence: a longitudinal genetic analysis in Dutch twins	14574135	10.1023/A:1025735002864	Cited
Veroude, K et al., Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 2016, Genetics of aggressive behavior: an overview	26345359	10.1002/ajmg.b.32364	Cited
Visscher, PM et al., Am J Hum Genet, 2017, 10 years of GWAS discovery: biology, function, and translation	28686856	10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.06.005	Cited
Walters, GD et al., J. Abnorm Child Psychol, 2013, Trajectories of youthful antisocial behavior: categories or continua?	23188257	10.1007/s10802-012-9700-1	Cited
Waltes, R et al., Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 2016, The neurobiological basis of human aggression: a review on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms	26494515	10.1002/ajmg.b.32388	Cited
Walton, KE et al., J Abnorm Child Psychol, 2011, The dimensional nature of externalizing behaviors in adolescence: evidence from a direct comparison of categorical, dimensional, and hybrid models	21210204	10.1007/s10802-010-9478-y	Cited
Watanabe, K et al., Nat Genet, 2019, A global overview of pleiotropy and genetic architecture in complex traits	31427789	10.1038/s41588-019-0481-0	Cited
Whipp A, Vuoksimaa E, Bolhuis K, de Zeeuw E, Korhonen T, Mauri M, et al. Teacher-rated aggression and co-occurring problems and behaviors among schoolchildren: a comparison of four population-based European cohorts. medRxiv 2019:19002576.10.1371/journal.pone.0238667PMC808419533914742	—	—	—
Whipp, AM et al., Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2019, Early adolescent aggression predicts antisocial personality disorder in young adults: a population-based study	30019148	10.1007/s00787-018-1198-9	Cited
Yang J, Lee SH, Goddard ME, Visscher PM. GCTA: a tool for genome-wide complex trait analysis. Am J Hum Genet. 2011;88:76–82..10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.11.011PMC301436321167468	—	—	—
Zhang-James, Y et al., Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 2016, Genetic architecture for human aggression: a study of gene-phenotype relationship in OMIM	26288127	10.1002/ajmg.b.32363	Cited

No papers in this knowledge base cite this source.

External

Title	Authors	Journal	Year	Link
Enduring Mental Health in Childhood and Adolescence: Prevalence, Prediction, and Genetic Architecture.	Alrouh H et al.	—	2026	→
Exploring causal relationships between child maltreatment and child internalising and externalising behavioural problems: A bidirectional mendelian randomization study.	Han Q et al.	—	2026	→
Ancient regulatory evolution shapes individual language abilities in present-day humans	Casten LG et al.	—	2025	—
Antisocial personality disorder:Failure to balance excitation/inhibition?	Lesch KP et al.	—	2025	→
Assessment and ascertainment in psychiatric molecular genetics: challenges and opportunities for cross-disorder research.	Cai N et al.	—	2025	→
Association between aggression and ADHD polygenic scores and school-age aggression: the mediating role of preschool externalizing behaviors and adverse experiences.	Bouliane M et al.	—	2025	→
Deciphering the mediating role of childhood maltreatment in the association between genetic risk and developmental trajectories of school-age reactive and proactive aggression.	Ouellet-Morin I et al.	—	2025	→
Disentangling the effects of self-control and the use of tobacco and cannabis on violence perpetration from childhood to early adulthood.	Loher M et al.	—	2025	→
Epilepsy Associated Gene, <i>Pcdh7</i>, Is Dispensable for Brain Development in Mice.	Rakotomamonjy J et al.	—	2025	→
Exploring the genetic causality of childhood maltreatment on multiple risk-related outcomes using Mendelian randomization: evidence from European-Ancestry GWAS.	Zhang Z et al.	—	2025	→
Genetic risk for trait aggression and alcohol use predict unique facets of alcohol-related aggression.	Spychala KM et al.	—	2025	→
Genome-wide association meta-analysis of childhood ADHD symptoms and diagnosis identifies new loci and potential effector genes.	van der Laan CM et al.	—	2025	→
Interplay between polygenic risk and family processes in predicting trajectories of adolescent externalizing behaviors.	Su J et al.	—	2025	→
Polygenic overlap of substance use behaviors and disorders with externalizing and internalizing problems independent of genetic correlations.	Al-Soufi L et al.	—	2025	→
Shedding Light on Antisocial Behavior Through Genetically Informed Research.	Pezzoli P et al.	—	2025	→
The causal role of male pubertal timing for the development of externalizing and internalizing traits: results from Mendelian randomization studies.	Dinkelbach L et al.	—	2025	→
A multi-omics data analysis workflow packaged as a FAIR Digital Object.	Niehues A et al.	—	2024	→
Distal-to-proximal etiologically relevant variables associated with the general (p) and specific factors of psychopathology.	Ormel J et al.	—	2024	→
Generalized genetic liability to substance use disorders.	Miller AP et al.	—	2024	→
Genetics of child aggression, a systematic review.	Koyama E et al.	—	2024	→
Genome-Wide Analyses of Vocabulary Size in Infancy and Toddlerhood: Associations With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Literacy, and Cognition-Related Traits.	Verhoef E et al.	—	2024	→
Independent Contributions of Callous-Unemotional Behaviors and Quantitative Autistic Traits to Aggression in Early Childhood.	Lineback K et al.	—	2024	→
Integrative multi-omics analysis of genomic, epigenomic, and metabolomics data leads to new insights for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.	Hubers N et al.	—	2024	→
No gene by stressful life events interaction on individual differences in adults' self-control.	Willems YE et al.	—	2024	→
Stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and aggression.	Mbiydzenyuy NE et al.	—	2024	→
The potential and translational application of infant genetic research.	Ronald A et al.	—	2024	→
Biology and Criminology: Data Practices and the Creation of Anatomic and Genomic Body 'Types'.	Kaufmann M et al.	—	2023	→
Candidate diagnostic biomarkers for neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review.	Cortese S et al.	—	2023	→
Dimensional and transdiagnostic phenotypes in psychiatric genome-wide association studies.	Waszczuk MA et al.	—	2023	→
Direct and Indirect Genetic Effects on Aggression.	van der Laan CM et al.	—	2023	→
Do environmental effects indexed by parental genetic variation influence common psychiatric symptoms in childhood?	Jami ES et al.	—	2023	→
Engineering Virtuous health habits using Emotion and Neurocognition: Flexibility for Lifestyle Optimization and Weight management (EVEN FLOW).	Smith PJ et al.	—	2023	→
Genetic architecture of ADHD and overlap with other psychiatric disorders and cognition-related phenotypes.	Ribasés M et al.	—	2023	→
Integrative Multi-omics Analysis of Childhood Aggressive Behavior.	Hagenbeek FA et al.	—	2023	→
Multivariate genetic analysis of personality and cognitive traits reveals abundant pleiotropy.	Hindley G et al.	—	2023	→
Polygenic risk scores and brain structures both contribute to externalizing behavior in childhood - A study in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) cohort.	Teeuw J et al.	—	2023	→
Resting heart rate and antisocial behaviour: a Mendelian randomisation study.	Karwatowska L et al.	—	2023	→
A genetically informed prediction model for suicidal and aggressive behaviour in teens.	Tate AE et al.	—	2022	→
Editorial: Genome-wide Association Studies of Internalizing Symptoms: A Big Step on a Long Road.	Coleman JRI	—	2022	→
Genome-wide Association Meta-analysis of Childhood and Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms.	Jami ES et al.	—	2022	→
Multivariate Genetic Structure of Externalizing Behavior and Structural Brain Development in a Longitudinal Adolescent Twin Sample.	Teeuw J et al.	—	2022	→
Research Review: A guide to computing and implementing polygenic scores in developmental research.	Allegrini AG et al.	—	2022	→
Shared genomic architectures of COVID-19 and antisocial behavior.	Adams CD et al.	—	2022	→
The Genetic, Environmental, and Cultural Forces Influencing Youth Antisocial Behavior Are Tightly Intertwined.	Burt SA	—	2022	→
Uncovering the genetic architecture of broad antisocial behavior through a genome-wide association study meta-analysis.	Tielbeek JJ et al.	—	2022	→
Continuity of Genetic Risk for Aggressive Behavior Across the Life-Course.	van der Laan CM et al.	—	2021	→
DNA methylation signatures of aggression and closely related constructs: A meta-analysis of epigenome-wide studies across the lifespan.	van Dongen J et al.	—	2021	→
Genetically Informed Regression Analysis: Application to Aggression Prediction by Inattention and Hyperactivity in Children and Adults.	Boomsma DI et al.	—	2021	→
Genetic Influences on the Covariance and Genetic Correlations in a Bivariate Twin Model: An Application to Well-Being.	de Vries LP et al.	—	2021	→