The genetics of alcohol and other drug dependence.
paper
Primary
Public
- Authors
- Dick, Danielle M; Agrawal, Arpana
- Year
- 2008
- Journal
- Alcohol research & health : the journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
- PMID
- 23584813
- PMCID
- PMC3860452
Alcohol dependence and dependence on other drugs frequently co-occur, and strong evidence suggests that both disorders are, at least in part, influenced by genetic factors. Indeed, studies using twins suggest that the overlap between dependence on alcohol and on other drugs largely results from shared genetic factors. This common genetic liability, which also extends to antisocial behavior, has been conceptualized as a general predisposition toward a variety of forms of psychopathology characterized by disinhibited behavior (i.e., externalizing psychopathology). Accordingly, many of the genetic factors affecting risk for dependence on alcohol or other drugs appear to act through a general externalizing factor; however, other genetic factors appear to be specific to a certain disorder. In recent years, researchers have identified numerous genes as affecting risk for dependence on alcohol and other drugs. These include genes involved in alcohol metabolism as well as in the transmission of nerve cell signals and modulation of nerve cell activity (i.e., Ξ³-aminobutyric acid [GABA] and acetylcholinergic neurotransmission and the endogenous opioid and cannabinoid systems).
Schematic representation of a model to illustrate the influence of genetic factors on the development of alcohol dependence, dependence on other drugs, and other externalizing disorders (e.g., conduct disorder or antisocial personality disorder). Some of the proposed genetic factors are thought to have a general influence on all types of externalizing conditions, whereas others are thought to have a disorder-specific influence.
| # | Section | Preview |
|---|---|---|
| 20 | Identifying Specific Genes Related to AOD Dependence β Genes Encoding Proteins Involved in Neurotransmission β Genes Encoding the GABAA Receptor | Several other GABAA receptor genes have yielded more modest evidence of association with differentβ¦ |
| 21 | Identifying Specific Genes Related to AOD Dependence β Genes Encoding Proteins Involved in Neurotransmission β Genes Involved in the Cholinergic System | The cholinergic system includes neurons that either release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine orβ¦ |
| 22 | Identifying Specific Genes Related to AOD Dependence β Genes Encoding Proteins Involved in Neurotransmission β Genes Involved in the Cholinergic System | As with the GABRA2 gene described above, the association between CHRM2 and alcohol dependence in theβ¦ |
| 23 | Identifying Specific Genes Related to AOD Dependence β Genes Encoding Proteins Involved in Neurotransmission β Genes Involved in the Endogenous Opioid System | Endogenous opioids are small molecules naturally produced in the body that have similar effects asβ¦ |
| 24 | Identifying Specific Genes Related to AOD Dependence β Genes Encoding Proteins Involved in Neurotransmission β Genes Involved in the Endogenous Opioid System | Research on the role of the endogenous opioids in AOD dependence has centered mainly on a geneβ¦ |
| 25 | Identifying Specific Genes Related to AOD Dependence β Genes Encoding Proteins Involved in Neurotransmission β Genes Involved in the Endogenous Opioid System | Laboratory studies have suggested that OPRM1 is associated with sensitivity to the effects ofβ¦ |
| 26 | Identifying Specific Genes Related to AOD Dependence β Genes Encoding Proteins Involved in Neurotransmission β Genes Involved in the Endogenous Opioid System | Researchers also have investigated genetic variations in other opioid receptors and other componentsβ¦ |
| 27 | Identifying Specific Genes Related to AOD Dependence β Genes Encoding Proteins Involved in Neurotransmission β Genes Involved in the Endogenous Cannabinoid System | Endogenous cannabinoids are compounds naturally produced in the body that have a similar structureβ¦ |
| 28 | Identifying Specific Genes Related to AOD Dependence β Genes Encoding Proteins Involved in Neurotransmission β Genes Involved in the Endogenous Cannabinoid System | Zhang et al. 2004) and others producing negative results (e.g., Herman et al. 2006). Most recently,β¦ |
| 29 | Conclusions | For both alcohol dependence and drug dependence, considerable evidence suggests that genetic factors⦠|
| 30 | Conclusions | Several genes have been identified that confer risk to AOD dependence. Some of these genesβsuch asβ¦ |
| 31 | Conclusions | This review does not exhaustively cover all genes that to date have been implicated in alcohol and⦠|
| 32 | Conclusions | The increasingly rapid pace of genetic discovery also has resulted in the identification of several⦠|
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