Gene-environment interaction in psychological traits and disorders.
paper
Primary
Public
- Authors
- Dick, Danielle M
- Year
- 2011
- Journal
- Annual review of clinical psychology
- PMID
- 21219196
- DOI
- 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104518
- PMCID
- PMC3647367
There has been an explosion of interest in studying gene-environment interactions (GxE) as they relate to the development of psychopathology. In this article, I review different methodologies to study gene-environment interaction, providing an overview of methods from animal and human studies and illustrations of gene-environment interactions detected using these various methodologies. Gene-environment interaction studies that examine genetic influences as modeled latently (e.g., from family, twin, and adoption studies) are covered, as well as studies of measured genotypes. Importantly, the explosion of interest in gene-environment interactions has raised a number of challenges, including difficulties with differentiating various types of interactions, power, and the scaling of environmental measures, which have profound implications for detecting gene-environment interactions. Taking research on gene-environment interactions to the next level will necessitate close collaborations between psychologists and geneticists so that each field can take advantage of the knowledge base of the other.
Different types of gene-environment interactions.
Screenshot from Haploview (Barrett et al. 2005) showing the linkage disequilibrium structure surrounding the DRD2 gene.
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 5-HTTLPR | variant |
| abrasive temperament local | phenotype |
| adolescent conduct problems | phenotype |
| adolescents | cohort |
| adolescent substance use | phenotype |
| Adoptees | cohort |
| Adoption agencies local | cohort |
| adoption studies | cohort |
| adoptive parents | cohort |
| African-Caribbean individuals local | cohort |
| age-14 behavior problems local | phenotype |
| age-18 alcohol use local | phenotype |
| aggression | phenotype |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| alcohol abuse | phenotype |
| alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| alcoholism | phenotype |
| Alcohol Problems | phenotype |
| Alcohol Use | phenotype |
| alcohol use initiation | phenotype |
| Altered neurotransmitter functioning local | phenotype |
| ANKK1 | gene |
| antisocial personality disorder | phenotype |
| Australian twin register local | cohort |
| behavior | phenotype |
| behavior problems | phenotype |
| Behavior problems in children local | phenotype |
| binary diagnostic outcomes local | phenotype |
| Biological parents | cohort |
| brain | anatomy |
| candidate gene association studies | cohort |
| cell specialization local | phenotype |
| cheerful disposition local | phenotype |
| childhood conduct disorder | phenotype |
| children | cohort |
| CHRM2 | gene |
| chromatin | drug |
| clinical disorders local | phenotype |
| cognition | phenotype |
| Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) | cohort |
| Communication deviance local | phenotype |
| COMPLEX_BEHAVIORAL_OUTCOME local | phenotype |
| complex behavioral outcomes | phenotype |
| Conflictual family environment local | drug |
| Contraceptive use local | drug |
| control group | cohort |
| Danish children with schizophrenic mothers local | cohort |
| Danish high-risk cohort local | cohort |
| depression | phenotype |
| depressive symptoms | phenotype |
| differential susceptibility | phenotype |
| Difficult temperament | phenotype |
| Disadvantaged adoptive environment local | phenotype |
| DISEASE_STATUS local | phenotype |
| Disturbed environment local | phenotype |
| DNA methylation | drug |
| DRD2 | gene |
| DRD4 | gene |
| drinking | phenotype |
| DSM-IV | phenotype |
| Dutch twins | cohort |
| Early life experiences local | phenotype |
| Early rearing conditions local | phenotype |
| enriched condition local | drug |
| environmental enrichment | drug |
| environmental factors | drug |
| environmental influences | phenotype |
| Epigenetic modifications | phenotype |
| externalizing behavior | phenotype |
| extraversion | phenotype |
| families | cohort |
| family history of alcoholism | phenotype |
| Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia local | cohort |
| Finnish twins | cohort |
| First-generation African-Caribbean probands local | cohort |
| GABRA2 | gene |
| gene | gene |
| gene activation | phenotype |
| gene-environment interaction | phenotype |
| genes | gene |
| genes associated with alcohol dependence local | gene |
| gene silencing | phenotype |
| genetic factors | cohort |
| genetic marker | variant |
| Genetic predisposition to alcohol abuse | phenotype |
| genetic risk | cohort |
| GENETIC_VARIANT local | variant |
| genetic variants | cohort |
| genomic imprinting | phenotype |
| grumpy temperament local | phenotype |
| healthy older adults local | cohort |
| Hestonβs historic adoption study local | cohort |
| Highly reactive children local | cohort |
| High reactivity local | phenotype |
| high-risk children | cohort |
| High-risk schizophrenia cohort local | cohort |
| high-stress environment local | cohort |
| hippocampus | anatomy |
| histone | drug |
| histone protein local | drug |
| hospitalization | phenotype |
| humans | cohort |
| immune response genes local | gene |
| impulsivity | phenotype |
| inbred strains | cohort |
| Institutional rearing local | drug |
| intermediate phenotypes | phenotype |
| Less controlling families local | drug |
| liver | anatomy |
| loneliness | phenotype |
| low-risk individuals | cohort |
| major depressive disorder | phenotype |
| Manic episode | phenotype |
| MAOA | gene |
| MAOA functional polymorphism local | variant |
| MAOA high-expression genotype local | variant |
| marital status | phenotype |
| married women local | cohort |
| matched controls | cohort |
| Maternal licking and grooming local | phenotype |
| maze bright local | phenotype |
| maze bright rats local | phenotype |
| maze dull local | phenotype |
| maze dull rats local | phenotype |
| Migration rate local | phenotype |
| Mild alcohol abuse local | phenotype |
| monkeys | cohort |
| Monozygotic twins reared apart local | cohort |
| mood disorders | phenotype |
| morbidity | phenotype |
| More involved families local | drug |
| National Survey local | cohort |
| National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States local | cohort |
| NCAM1 | gene |
| neuroticism | phenotype |
| New Zealand birth cohort local | cohort |
| novelty seeking | phenotype |
| nucleosome | drug |
| older unmarried females local | cohort |
| outgoing disposition local | phenotype |
| parental control | phenotype |
| parental monitoring local | drug |
| parental monitoring | phenotype |
| Parents of First-generation African-Caribbean probands local | cohort |
| Peer group antisocial behavior local | phenotype |
| performance | phenotype |
| personality disorders | phenotype |
| personality traits | phenotype |
| physical abuse | phenotype |
| positive attention local | phenotype |
| pregnancy complications | phenotype |
| PSYCHIATRIC_CONDITION local | phenotype |
| psychiatric disorders | phenotype |
| Psychiatric Genomics Consortium | cohort |
| psychiatric outcomes | phenotype |
| psychological outcomes local | phenotype |
| psychopathology | phenotype |
| psychoticism | phenotype |
| Qualitative disorders local | phenotype |
| Quebec Suicide Brain Bank local | cohort |
| rats | cohort |
| Reactive stress response local | phenotype |
| Regional residency local | phenotype |
| religiosity | phenotype |
| restricted condition local | drug |
| restrictive environment local | drug |
| risk | phenotype |
| rodents | cohort |
| rs1800497 | variant |
| schizophrenia | phenotype |
| Schizophrenic thought disorder local | phenotype |
| Second-generation African-Caribbean probands local | cohort |
| severe alcohol use disorder | phenotype |
| shared environmental influence | phenotype |
| Siblings of First-generation African-Caribbean probands local | cohort |
| Siblings of Second-generation African-Caribbean probands local | cohort |
| SLC6A4 | gene |
| smoking | phenotype |
| stress response | phenotype |
| structural abnormalities | anatomy |
| substance use | phenotype |
| substance-use phenotypes local | phenotype |
| suicide | phenotype |
| Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging local | cohort |
| Swedish men local | cohort |
| Swedish men adoption study local | cohort |
| Taq1A allele | variant |
| timidity local | phenotype |
| trait | phenotype |
| transcription factor | drug |
| transcription factors | drug |
| TTC12 | gene |
| Twin cohort | cohort |
| unpleasant responses local | phenotype |
| Ventricular enlargement | phenotype |
| vulnerability genes local | gene |
| whites | cohort |
| X-inactivation | phenotype |
| young adults | cohort |
| young unmarried females local | cohort |
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