Collaborative meta-analysis finds no evidence of a strong interaction between stress and 5-HTTLPR genotype contributing to the development of depression.
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- Culverhouse, R C; Saccone, N L; Horton, A C; Ma, Y; Anstey, K J; Banaschewski, T; Burmeister, M; Cohen-Woods, S; Etain, B; Fisher, H L; Goldman, N; Guillaume, S; Horwood, J; Juhasz, G; Lester, K J; Mandelli, L; Middeldorp, C M; OliΓ©, E; Villafuerte, S; Air, T M; Araya, R; Bowes, L; Burns, R; Byrne, E M; Coffey, C; Coventry, W L; Gawronski, K A B; Glei, D; Hatzimanolis, A; Hottenga, J-J; Jaussent, I; Jawahar, C; Jennen-Steinmetz, C; Kramer, J R; Lajnef, M; Little, K; Zu Schwabedissen, H M; Nauck, M; Nederhof, E; Petschner, P; Peyrot, W J; Schwahn, C; Sinnamon, G; Stacey, D; Tian, Y; Toben, C; Van der Auwera, S; Wainwright, N; Wang, J-C; Willemsen, G; Anderson, I M; Arolt, V; Γ slund, C; Bagdy, G; Baune, B T; Bellivier, F; Boomsma, D I; Courtet, P; Dannlowski, U; de Geus, E J C; Deakin, J F W; Easteal, S; Eley, T; Fergusson, D M; Goate, A M; Gonda, X; Grabe, H J; Holzman, C; Johnson, E O; Kennedy, M; Laucht, M; Martin, N G; MunafΓ², M R; Nilsson, K W; Oldehinkel, A J; Olsson, C A; Ormel, J; Otte, C; Patton, G C; Penninx, B W J H; Ritchie, K; Sarchiapone, M; Scheid, J M; Serretti, A; Smit, J H; Stefanis, N C; Surtees, P G; VΓΆlzke, H; Weinstein, M; Whooley, M; Nurnberger, J I; Breslau, N; Bierut, L J
- Year
- 2018
- Journal
- Molecular psychiatry
- PMID
- 28373689
- DOI
- 10.1038/mp.2017.44
- PMCID
- PMC5628077
The hypothesis that the S allele of the 5-HTTLPR serotonin transporter promoter region is associated with increased risk of depression, but only in individuals exposed to stressful situations, has generated much interest, research and controversy since first proposed in 2003. Multiple meta-analyses combining results from heterogeneous analyses have not settled the issue. To determine the magnitude of the interaction and the conditions under which it might be observed, we performed new analyses on 31 data sets containing 38β802 European ancestry subjects genotyped for 5-HTTLPR and assessed for depression and childhood maltreatment or other stressful life events, and meta-analysed the results. Analyses targeted two stressors (narrow, broad) and two depression outcomes (current, lifetime). All groups that published on this topic prior to the initiation of our study and met the assessment and sample size criteria were invited to participate. Additional groups, identified by consortium members or self-identified in response to our protocol (published prior to the start of analysis) with qualifying unpublished data, were also invited to participate. A uniform data analysis script implementing the protocol was executed by each of the consortium members. Our findings do not support the interaction hypothesis. We found no subgroups or variable definitions for which an interaction between stress and 5-HTTLPR genotype was statistically significant. In contrast, our findings for the main effects of life stressors (strong risk factor) and 5-HTTLPR genotype (no impact on risk) are strikingly consistent across our contributing studies, the original study reporting the interaction and subsequent meta-analyses. Our conclusion is that if an interaction exists in which the S allele of 5-HTTLPR increases risk of depression only in stressed individuals, then it is not broadly generalisable, but must be of modest effect size and only observable in limited situations.
Forest plots for lifetime depression diagnosis in subjects of all ages based on exposure to childhood maltreatment as the stressor MODEL:depression=Ξ²0+Ξ²1(age)+Ξ²2(sex)+Ξ²3(stress)+Ξ²4(gene)+Ξ²5(geneΓstress)Depression = lifetime depression diagnosis (never depressed = 0; ever depressed = 1)Sex (female = 0; male = 1)Stress = childhood maltreatment (not exposed = 0; exposed = 1)Gene (additive coding in number of S alleles for 5-HTTLPR (LL = 0; LS=1; SS=2))1a. Sex: Being male consistently and significantly protects from a lifetime diagnosis of depression1b. Stress: Exposure to stress consistently and significantly increases lifetime risk for depression1c. Gene: The S allele (coded additively) is not associated with risk of lifetime depression1d. Gene x Stress: Interaction term is not significant and does not suggest a consistent direction of effect across studies. (Hypothesized direction of effect: OR > 1)
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