Genome-wide association study of alcohol dependence.

paper Cited Public

Authors: Treutlein, Jens; Cichon, Sven; Ridinger, Monika; Wodarz, Norbert; Soyka, Michael; Zill, Peter; Maier, Wolfgang; Moessner, Rainald; Gaebel, Wolfgang; Dahmen, Norbert; Fehr, Christoph; Scherbaum, Norbert; Steffens, Michael; Ludwig, Kerstin U; Frank, Josef; Wichmann, H Erich; Schreiber, Stefan; Dragano, Nico; Sommer, Wolfgang H; Leonardi-Essmann, Fernando; Lourdusamy, Anbarasu; Gebicke-Haerter, Peter; Wienker, Thomas F; Sullivan, Patrick F; Nöthen, Markus M; Kiefer, Falk; Spanagel, Rainer; Mann, Karl; Rietschel, Marcella
Year: 2009
Journal: Archives of general psychiatry
PMID: 19581569
DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.83
PMCID: PMC4229246

CONTEXT: Alcohol dependence is a serious and common public health problem. It is well established that genetic factors play a major role in the development of this disorder. Identification of genes that contribute to alcohol dependence will improve our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie this disorder. OBJECTIVE: To identify susceptibility genes for alcohol dependence through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and a follow-up study in a population of German male inpatients with an early age at onset. DESIGN: The GWAS tested 524,396 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). All SNPs with P < 10(-4) were subjected to the follow-up study. In addition, nominally significant SNPs from genes that had also shown expression changes in rat brains after long-term alcohol consumption were selected for the follow-up step. SETTING: Five university hospitals in southern and central Germany. PARTICIPANTS: The GWAS included 487 male inpatients with alcohol dependence as defined by the DSM-IV and an age at onset younger than 28 years and 1358 population-based control individuals. The follow-up study included 1024 male inpatients and 996 age-matched male controls. All the participants were of German descent. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Significant association findings in the GWAS and follow-up study with the same alleles. RESULTS: The GWAS produced 121 SNPs with nominal P < 10(-4). These, together with 19 additional SNPs from homologues of rat genes showing differential expression, were genotyped in the follow-up sample. Fifteen SNPs showed significant association with the same allele as in the GWAS. In the combined analysis, 2 closely linked intergenic SNPs met genome-wide significance (rs7590720, P = 9.72 x 10(-9); rs1344694, P = 1.69 x 10(-8)). They are located on chromosome region 2q35, which has been implicated in linkage studies for alcohol phenotypes. Nine SNPs were located in genes, including the CDH13 and ADH1C genes, that have been reported to be associated with alcohol dependence. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first GWAS and follow-up study to identify a genome-wide significant association in alcohol dependence. Further independent studies are required to confirm these findings.

#	Section	Preview
0	Introduction	Alcohol dependence is characterised by a cluster of cognitive, behavioural and physiological…
1	Introduction	Alcohol dependence is a phenotypically heterogeneous disorder which runs in families and which has a…
2	Introduction	which were mostly not detected through other diagnosis based discovery approaches. For alcohol…
3	Methods — Human Studies — Patients	Patients were recruited from consecutive admissions to the psychiatric and addiction medicine…
4	Methods — Human Studies — Patients	In Munich and Bonn, patients were assessed using the Semi Structured Assessment for Genetics of…
5	Methods — Human Studies — Patients	The follow-up sample consisted of 1,024 German males recruited at the same sites and under the same…
6	Methods — Human Studies — Control subjects	A total of 1,358 control subjects were included in the GWAS. Controls were taken from three…
7	Methods — Human Studies — Control subjects	adults from Augsburg and the surrounding counties. The biological specimen bank was established in…
8	Methods — Human Studies — Control subjects	Male controls for the follow-up study were drawn from the KORA study (N=382) and from a population…
9	Methods — Human Studies — DNA preparation, genotyping and statistical analysis	Genomic DNA was prepared from whole blood according to standard procedures. For all samples, DNA…
10	Methods — Human Studies — Data analysis and quality control	Data analysis and quality control (QC) was performed using the software packages R version 2.5.1…
11	Methods — Animal Studies — Animals	Three groups of 2-3 months old alcohol preferring rats were used for long-term alcohol consumption…
12	Methods — Animal Studies — Animals	According to the protocol of Vengeliene et al.,45,46 8 P rats, 7 HAD rats, and 7 AA rats were given…
13	Methods — Animal Studies — Gene expression profiling in alcohol-preferring rat strains	Preparation of brain samples and RNA isolation are described in the Supplemental Text. Target…
14	Methods — Animal Studies — Data mining	Micro Array Suite 5.0 (Affymetrix) derived cell intensity files (CEL) were processed in R 2.1.1…
15	Methods — Animal Studies — Integration of animal data into the human study	SNPs which have been found to be associated with the disorder in the GWAS with p<1×10-3 or which…
16	Methods — Animal Studies — Integration of animal data into the human study	In the animal study, we have used a convergent approach with two strategic lines to integrate the…
17	Methods — Animal Studies — Integration of animal data into the human study	With strategy a) a total number of 19 additional SNPs were identified and ranked according to…
18	Methods — Animal Studies — Integration of animal data into the human study	We searched Gene Ontology (http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/go.cgi) for the annotation of…
19	Results — Human Studies	We excluded 11 of the total 487 GWAS cases with alcohol dependence from further analyses. Of these,…

Name	Type
15 SNPs local	variant
2q35 local	variant
AA rat local	cohort
AA rats	cohort
acetyl-CoA	drug
ADH	gene
ADH1A	gene
ADH1B	gene
ADH1C	gene
ADH1C*2 allele local	variant
ADH gene cluster	gene
Age at onset <45 local	phenotype
alcohol	phenotype
alcohol abuse	phenotype
alcohol dependence	phenotype
alcohol-dependent rats	cohort
alcohol preference	phenotype
alcohol preferring P rats local	cohort
Alcohol Problems	phenotype
alcohol-related phenotypes	phenotype
alcohol sensitivity	phenotype
amygdala	anatomy
animal models	cohort
bipolar disorder	phenotype
Bonn local	cohort
Bonn/Essen/Düsseldorf/Homburg sites local	cohort
brain	anatomy
CAST	gene
CCDC41 local	gene
CDH local	gene
CDH13	gene
Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA)	cohort
Comorbid alcoholism and depression phenotype local	phenotype
complex diseases	phenotype
constraint	phenotype
coronary calcification	phenotype
coronary heart disease	phenotype
D2S1371 local	variant
D2S2382 local	variant
D2S434 local	variant
diabetes	phenotype
differentially expressed genes	gene
disorder	phenotype
DNA	drug
dorsal striatum	anatomy
early age at onset	phenotype
Early age at onset of alcohol dependence local	phenotype
East Asian	cohort
ERAP1	gene
ESR1	gene
Essen/Düsseldorf/Homburg local	cohort
ethanol consumption	phenotype
European population	cohort
Europeans	cohort
folate deficiency	phenotype
follow-up sample local	cohort
GATA	gene
GATA4	gene
GeneChip® Rat Genome U34 Set local	drug
Gene Ontology	drug
German Addiction Research Network local	cohort
German controls	cohort
German descent local	cohort
German GWAS local	cohort
German male follow-up cohort local	cohort
German patients local	cohort
German population	cohort
GWAS	cohort
GWAS cases	cohort
GWA study	cohort
HAD rat local	cohort
HAD rats local	cohort
heavy drinking	phenotype
Heinz Nixdorf Recall study local	cohort
Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study local	cohort
HNR local	cohort
human alcoholics	phenotype
Human Hap 550 BeadChips local	drug
Human homologs of rat genes local	gene
hypertension	phenotype
Irish Affected Sib Pair Study of Alcohol Dependence local	cohort
Irish Affected Sib Pair Study of Alcohol Dependence (IASPSAD) local	cohort
Irish controls local	cohort
Irish patients local	cohort
Kora local	cohort
KORA local	cohort
KORA study local	cohort
LR to alcohol local	phenotype
Mainz local	cohort
Mainz site local	cohort
male cases local	cohort
male controls local	cohort
Mannheim local	cohort
Mannheim site local	cohort
methamphetamine	drug
methamphetamine dependence	phenotype
methyl-malonyl-CoA local	drug
methyl-tetrahydrofolate local	drug
Methyl-tetrahydrofolate local	drug
mouse brain	anatomy
Munich local	cohort
Munich site local	cohort
National Genome Research Project local	cohort
NGFN local	cohort
nicotine addiction	phenotype
P3(00) component of ERP local	phenotype
P3 deficits local	phenotype
PECR	gene
Picogreends DNA Quantitation Kit local	drug
PopGen local	cohort
PPP2R2B	gene
P rats	cohort
Propionyl-CoA local	drug
rat gene local	gene
rats	cohort
Regensburg local	cohort
Regensburg site local	cohort
replication sample	cohort
RG U34A arrays local	drug
risk taking behaviour local	phenotype
rs11640875 local	variant
rs13160562	variant
rs13273672	variant
rs13362120 local	variant
rs1344694	variant
rs1614972 local	variant
rs1693482	variant
rs1864982 local	variant
rs6902771 local	variant
rs705648 local	variant
rs7138291 local	variant
rs7590720	variant
schizophrenia	phenotype
Selected SNPs local	variant
Severe withdrawal symptoms local	phenotype
sex	phenotype
SNP	cohort
tobacco use	phenotype
total RNA	drug
triglycerides	phenotype
vitamin B12	drug
voluntary alcohol consumption	phenotype
water	drug
WHO MONICA study local	cohort

Citation	PMID	DOI	Status
Ashburner, M et al., Nat Genet, 2000, Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology. The Gene Ontology Consortium	10802651	10.1038/75556	Cited
Baldwin, HA et al., Alcohol ClinExp Res, 1991, Differential effects of ethanol on punished responding in the P and NP rats	1928646	10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb00582.x	Cited
Baum, AE et al., Mol Psychiatry, 2008, A genome-wide association study implicates diacylglycerol kinase eta (DGKH) and several other genes in the etiology of bipolar disorder	17486107	10.1038/sj.mp.4002012	Cited
Begleiter, H et al., Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 1998, Quantitative trait loci analysis of human event-related brain potentials: P3 voltage	9607513	10.1016/s0168-5597(98)00002-1	Primary
Bell, RL et al., Addict Biol, 2006, The alcohol-preferring P rat and animal models of excessive alcohol drinking	16961759	10.1111/j.1369-1600.2005.00029.x	Cited
Benegal, V et al., Psychiatr Genet, 1995, P300 amplitudes vary inversely with continuum of risk in first degree male relatives of alcoholics	8750356	10.1097/00041444-199524000-00001	Cited
Bertsch, B et al., Methods, 2005, Convergent functional genomics: a Bayesian candidate gene identification approach for complex disorders	16308156	10.1016/j.ymeth.2005.03.012	Cited
Borràs, E et al., Hepatology, 2000, Genetic polymorphism of alcohol dehydrogenase in europeans: the ADH22 allele decreases the risk for alcoholism and is associated with ADH31	10733556	10.1053/he.2000.5978	Cited
Buch, S et al., Nat Genet, 2007, A genome-wide association scan identifies the hepatic cholesterol transporter ABCG8 as a susceptibility factor for human gallstone disease	17632509	10.1038/ng2101	Cited
Bucholz, KK et al., J Stud Alcohol, 1994, A new, semi-structured psychiatric interview for use in genetic linkage studies: a report on the reliability of the SSAGA	8189735	10.15288/jsa.1994.55.149	Primary
Chen, CC et al., Am J Hum Genet, 1999, Interaction between the functional polymorphisms of the alcohol-metabolism genes in protection against alcoholism	10441588	10.1086/302540	Cited
Chen, WJ et al., Br J Psychiatry, 1996, Alcohol-metabolising genes and alcoholism among Taiwanese Han men: independent effect of ADH2, ADH3 and ALDH2	8773821	10.1192/bjp.168.6.762	Cited
Cloninger, CR, Science, 1987, Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism	2882604	10.1126/science.2882604	Cited
Das, AK et al., J Biol Chem, 2000, Molecular cloning and expression of mammalian peroxisomal trans-2-enoyl-coenzyme A reductase cDNAs	10811639	10.1074/jbc.M001168200	Cited
Devlin, B et al., Biometrics, 1999, Genomic control for association studies	11315092	10.1111/j.0006-341x.1999.00997.x	Cited
Dick, DM et al., Alcohol ClinExp Res, 2003, Candidate genes for alcohol dependence: a review of genetic evidence from human studies	12766633	10.1097/01.ALC.0000065436.24221.63	Primary
Dick, DM et al., Curr Psychiatry Rep, 2006, The genetics of alcohol dependence	16539893	10.1007/s11920-006-0015-1	Primary
Dudbridge, F et al., Genet Epidemiol, 2008, Estimation of significance thresholds for genomewide association scans	18300295	10.1002/gepi.20297	Cited
Edenberg, HJ et al., Addict Biol, 2006, The genetics of alcoholism: identifying specific genes through family studies	16961766	10.1111/j.1369-1600.2006.00035.x	Primary
Edenberg, HJ et al., Hum Mol Genet, 2006, Association of alcohol dehydrogenase genes with alcohol dependence: a comprehensive analysis	16571603	10.1093/hmg/ddl073	Primary
Ehlers, CL et al., Alcohol ClinExp Res, 2001, Association of the ADH2*3 allele with a negative family history of alcoholism in African American young adults	11781511	—	Cited
Ehlers, CL et al., Alcohol ClinExp Res, 2007, Association of the ADHIB*3 allele with alcohol-related phenotypes in Trinidad	17250612	10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00298.x	Cited
Enoch, MA, Am J Pharmacogenomics, 2003, Pharmacogenomics of alcohol response and addiction	12930156	10.2165/00129785-200303040-00001	Cited
Ferreira, MA et al., Nat Genet, 2008, Collaborative genome-wide association analysis supports a role for ANK3 and CACNA1C in bipolar disorder	18711365	10.1038/ng.209	Cited
Gentleman, RC et al., Genome Biol, 2004, Bioconductor: open software development for computational biology and bioinformatics	15461798	10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r80	Cited
Goldman, D et al., Nat Rev Genet, 2005, The genetics of addictions: uncovering the genes	15995696	10.1038/nrg1635	Cited
Gorwood, P et al., Psychopharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenetics of alcohol dependence	—	—	—
Hamid, A et al., J Membr Biol, 2007, Decreased expression of transporters reduces folate uptake across renal absorptive surfaces in experimental alcoholism	18008023	10.1007/s00232-007-9075-3	Cited
Heath, AC et al., J Stud Alcohol, 1992, Genetic differences in psychomotor performance decrement after alcohol: a multivariate analysis	1583905	10.15288/jsa.1992.53.262	Cited
Higuchi, S et al., Curr Opin Psychiatry, 2006, New findings on the genetic influences on alcohol use and dependence	16612210	10.1097/01.yco.0000218595.54054.7a	Cited
Hill, SY et al., Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 2004, A genome wide search for alcoholism susceptibility genes	15211641	10.1002/ajmg.b.30013	Cited
Ioannidis, JP et al., PLoS ONE, 2007, Heterogeneity in meta-analyses of genome-wide association investigations	17786212	10.1371/journal.pone.0000841	Cited
Johnson, C et al., Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 2006, Pooled association genome scanning for alcohol dependence using 104,268 SNPs: validation and use to identify alcoholism vulnerability loci in unrelated individuals from the collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism	16894614	10.1002/ajmg.b.30346	Primary
Krawczak, M et al., Community Genet, 2006, PopGen: population-based recruitment of patients and controls for the analysis of complex genotype-phenotype relationships	16490960	10.1159/000090694	Cited
Kuo, PH et al., Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 2008, Association of ADH and ALDH genes with alcohol dependence in the Irish Affected Sib Pair Study of alcohol dependence (IASPSAD) sample	18331377	10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00642.x	Cited
Lander, E et al., Nat Genet, 1995, Genetic dissection of complex traits: guidelines for interpreting and reporting linkage results	7581446	10.1038/ng1195-241	Cited
Lencz, T et al., Mol Psychiatry, 2007, Converging evidence for a pseudoautosomal cytokine receptor gene locus in schizophrenia	17522711	10.1038/sj.mp.4001983	Cited
Li, TK, J Stud Alcohol, 2000, Pharmacogenetics of responses to alcohol and genes that influence alcohol drinking	10627090	10.15288/jsa.2000.61.5	Cited
Liu, IC et al., Addiction, 2004, Genetic and environmental contributions to age of onset of alcohol dependence symptoms in male twins	15500593	10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00877.x	Cited
Luca, D et al., Am J Hum Genet, 2008, On the use of general control samples for genome-wide association studies: genetic matching highlights causal variants	18252225	10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.003	Cited
Luo, X et al., Am J Hum Genet, 2006, Diplotype trend regression analysis of the ADH gene cluster and the ALDH2 gene: multiple significant associations with alcohol dependence	16685648	10.1086/504113	Cited
Madden, PA et al., Alcohol ClinExp Res, 1995, Alcohol sensitivity and smoking history in men and women	8561278	10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01588.x	Cited
Mah, S et al., Mol Psychiatry, 2006, Identification of the semaphorin receptor PLXNA2 as a candidate for susceptibility to schizophrenia	16402134	10.1038/sj.mp.4001785	Cited
Martin, NG, Australian Drug and Alcohol Review, 1988, Twin Studies of alcohol consumption, metabolism and sensitivity	—	—	—
Mayfield, RD et al., Br J Pharmacol, 2008, Genetic factors influencing alcohol dependence	18362899	10.1038/bjp.2008.88	Primary
Moore, MS et al., Cell, 1998, Ethanol intoxication in Drosophila: Genetic and pharmacological evidence for regulation by the cAMP signaling pathway	9635429	10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81205-2	Cited
Nature, 2007, Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls	17554300	10.1038/nature05911	Cited
Neale, BM et al., Genet Epidemiol, 2008, Population differences in the International Multi-Centre ADHD Gene Project	17868146	10.1002/gepi.20265	Cited
Nestel, PJ et al., J Lab Clin Med, 1965, Mechanism of alcohol-induced hypertriglyceridemia	5835967	—	Cited
Novembre, J et al., Nature, Genes mirror geography within Europe	18758442	10.1038/nature07331	Cited
Nurnberger, JI et al., Am J Psychiatry, 2001, Evidence for a locus on chromosome 1 that influences vulnerability to alcoholism and affective disorder	11329392	10.1176/appi.ajp.158.5.718	Primary
O'Donovan, MC et al., Nat Genet, 2008, Identification of novel schizophrenia loci by genome-wide association and follow-up	18677311	10.1038/ng.201	Cited
Osier, M et al., Am J Hum Genet, 1999, Linkage disequilibrium at the ADH2 and ADH3 loci and risk of alcoholism	10090900	10.1086/302317	Cited
Pe'er, I et al., Genet Epidemiol, 2008, Estimation of the multiple testing burden for genomewide association studies of nearly all common variants	18348202	10.1002/gepi.20303	Cited
Pickens, RW et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1991, Heterogeneity in the inheritance of alcoholism. A study of male and female twins	1984758	10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810250021002	Cited
Polich, J et al., Psychol Bull, 1994, Meta-analysis of P300 amplitude from males at risk for alcoholism	8310100	10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.55	Cited
Porjesz, B et al., Biol Psychol, 2002, Linkage and linkage disequilibrium mapping of ERP and EEG phenotypes	12385677	10.1016/s0301-0511(02)00060-1	Primary
Porjesz, B et al., ScientificWorldJournal, 2007, Neurophysiological endophenotypes, CNS disinhibition, and risk for alcohol dependence and related disorders	17982586	10.1100/tsw.2007.203	Primary
Prescott, CA et al., Mol Psychiatry, 2006, Genomewide linkage study in the Irish affected sib pair study of alcohol dependence: evidence for a susceptibility region for symptoms of alcohol dependence on chromosome 4	16534506	10.1038/sj.mp.4001811	Cited
Price, AL et al., Nat Genet, 2006, Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies	16862161	10.1038/ng1847	Cited
Purcell, S et al., Am J Hum Genet, 2007, PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses	17701901	10.1086/519795	Cited
Radel, M et al., Drug Metab Dispos, 2001, Pharmacogenetics of alcohol response and alcoholism: the interplay of genes and environmental factors in thresholds for alcoholism	11259338	—	Cited
Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life, 2002	14741909	10.1080/1357628031000116808	Cited
Reimers, M et al., Methods, 2005, Gene discovery in neuropharmacological and behavioral studies using Affymetrix microarray data	16308151	10.1016/j.ymeth.2005.09.002	Cited
Rodd, ZA et al., Pharmacogenomics J, 2007, Candidate genes, pathways and mechanisms for alcoholism: an expanded convergent functional genomics approach	17033615	10.1038/sj.tpj.6500420	Cited
Schmermund, A et al., Am Heart J, 2002, Assessment of clinically silent atherosclerotic disease and established and novel risk factors for predicting myocardial infarction and cardiac death in healthy middle-aged subjects: rationale and design of the Heinz Nixdorf RECALL Study. Risk Factors, Evaluation of Coronary Calcium and Lifestyle	12177636	10.1067/mhj.2002.123579	Cited
Schuckit, MA et al., Alcohol ClinExp Res, 2001, A genome-wide search for genes that relate to a low level of response to alcohol	11290841	—	Primary
Schuckit, MA et al., J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 2008, Testing the level of response to alcohol-based model of heavy drinking and alcohol problems in offspring from the San Diego prospective study	18612573	10.15288/jsad.2008.69.571	Cited
Sklar, P et al., Mol Psychiatry, 2008, Whole-genome association study of bipolar disorder	18317468	10.1038/sj.mp.4002151	Cited
Sommer, W et al., Addict Biol, 2006, The alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats: neurobiology of the regulation of alcohol drinking	16961760	10.1111/j.1369-1600.2006.00037.x	Cited
Spanagel, R et al., Nat Med, 2005, The clock gene Per2 influences the glutamatergic system and modulates alcohol consumption	15608650	10.1038/nm1163	Cited
Spitzer, RL et al., Structured Clinican Interview for DSM-III-R Axis II Disorders,(SCID-II), 1990	—	—	—
Steffens, M et al., Hum Hered, 2006, SNP-based analysis of genetic substructure in the German population	17003564	10.1159/000095850	Cited
Sullivan, PF et al., Mol Psychiatry, 2008, Genomewide association for schizophrenia in the CATIE study: results of stage 1	18347602	10.1038/mp.2008.25	Cited
Sun, GY et al., Alcohol, 1988, Serum lipids and acyl group composition of alcoholic patients	3395462	10.1016/0741-8329(88)90013-4	Cited
Tellegen, A et al., Exploring personality through test construction: development of the multidimensional personality questionnnaire, 1982	—	—	—
Thorgeirsson, TE et al., Nature, 2008, A variant associated with nicotine dependence, lung cancer and peripheral arterial disease	18385739	10.1038/nature06846	Cited
Tyndale, RF, Ann Med, 2003, Genetics of alcohol and tobacco use in humans	12795339	10.1080/07853890310010014	Cited
Uhl, GR et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2008, Genome-wide association for methamphetamine dependence: convergent results from 2 samples	18316681	10.1001/archpsyc.65.3.345	Cited
Uhl, GR et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2008, Molecular genetics of successful smoking cessation: convergent genome-wide association study results	18519826	10.1001/archpsyc.65.6.683	Cited
Vengeliene, V et al., Alcohol ClinExp Res, 2003, A comparative study on alcohol-preferring rat lines: effects of deprivation and stress phases on voluntary alcohol intake	12878910	10.1097/01.ALC.0000075829.81211.0C	Cited
Vengeliene, V et al., FASEB J, 2006, The dopamine D3 receptor plays an essential role in alcohol-seeking and relapse	17077299	10.1096/fj.06-6110com	Cited
Whitfield, JB et al., Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 1998, ADH genotypes and alcohol use and dependence in Europeans	9802529	—	Cited
WHO Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004, 2004	—	—	—
Wichmann, HE et al., Gesundheitswesen, 2005, MONICA/KORA Study Group. KORA-gen--resource for population genetics, controls and a broad spectrum of disease phenotypes	16032514	10.1055/s-2005-858226	Cited
Winkelmann, J et al., Nat Genet, 2007, Genome-wide association study of restless legs syndrome identifies common variants in three genomic regions	17637780	10.1038/ng2099	Cited
Wittchen, HU, J Psychiatr Res, 1994, Reliability and validity studies of the WHO--Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI): a critical review	8064641	10.1016/0022-3956(94)90036-1	Cited
Zintzaras, E et al., Hepatology, 2006, Do alcohol-metabolizing enzyme gene polymorphisms increase the risk of alcoholism and alcoholic liver disease?	16440362	10.1002/hep.21023	Cited

In this knowledge base

Title	Year	PMID
Genetics of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Role for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells?	2018	29897633
Human Genetics of Addiction: New Insights and Future Directions.	2018	29504045
Deep Sequencing of 71 Candidate Genes to Characterize Variation Associated with Alcohol Dependence.	2017	28196272
Effects of selection for ethanol preference on gene expression in the nucleus accumbens of HS-CC mice.	2017	28058793
Genomewide Association Study of Alcohol Dependence Identifies Risk Loci Altering Ethanol-Response Behaviors in Model Organisms.	2017	28226201
Review: DNA methylation and alcohol use disorders: Progress and challenges.	2017	27759945
The genetic epidemiology of substance use disorder: A review.	2017	28938182
Association of the OPRM1 Variant rs1799971 (A118G) with Non-Specific Liability to Substance Dependence in a Collaborative de novo Meta-Analysis of European-Ancestry Cohorts.	2016	26392368
Alcohol Dependence Genetics: Lessons Learned From Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and Post-GWAS Analyses.	2015	26110981
Candidate gene-environment interaction research: reflections and recommendations.	2015	25620996
Gene expression changes in serotonin, GABA-A receptors, neuropeptides and ion channels in the dorsal raphe nucleus of adolescent alcohol-preferring (P) rats following binge-like alcohol drinking.	2015	25542586
Genomewide Association Study for Maximum Number of Alcoholic Drinks in European Americans and African Americans.	2015	26036284
Genome-Wide Association Study of Behavioral Disinhibition in a Selected Adolescent Sample.	2015	25637581
Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Alcohol Consumption Across Youth and Early Adulthood.	2015	26081443
Genomic influences on alcohol problems in a population-based sample of young adults.	2015	25439982
ALDH2 is associated to alcohol dependence and is the major genetic determinant of "daily maximum drinks" in a GWAS study of an isolated rural Chinese sample.	2014	24277619
Ethanol treatment of lymphoblastoid cell lines from alcoholics and non-alcoholics causes many subtle changes in gene expression.	2014	25129674
Exploring the genetic architecture of alcohol dependence in African-Americans via analysis of a genomewide set of common variants.	2014	24297757
Gene expression signatures affected by alcohol-induced DNA methylomic deregulation in human embryonic stem cells.	2014	24751885
Genome-wide association discoveries of alcohol dependence.	2014	25278008
Genome-wide association study of alcohol dependence:significant findings in African- and European-Americans including novel risk loci.	2014	24166409
Genome-wide survival analysis of age at onset of alcohol dependence in extended high-risk COGA families.	2014	24962325
The Genetics, Neurogenetics and Pharmacogenetics of Addiction.	2014	25045619
A genome-wide association study of alcohol-dependence symptom counts in extended pedigrees identifies C15orf53.	2013	23089632
Alcohol consumption in men is influenced by qualitatively different genetic factors in adolescence and adulthood.	2013	23282961
A meta-analysis of two genome-wide association studies to identify novel loci for maximum number of alcoholic drinks.	2013	23743675
Genetic influences on the development of alcoholism.	2013	24091936
Genetics and alcoholism.	2013	23712313
Genome-wide significant association signals in IPO11-HTR1A region specific for alcohol and nicotine codependence.	2013	23216389
NKAIN1-SERINC2 is a functional, replicable and genome-wide significant risk gene region specific for alcohol dependence in subjects of European descent.	2013	23455491
Stress-response pathways are altered in the hippocampus of chronic alcoholics.	2013	23981442
ADH1B is associated with alcohol dependence and alcohol consumption in populations of European and African ancestry.	2012	21968928
Chloride intracellular channels modulate acute ethanol behaviors in Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans and mice.	2012	22239914
Convergence of genome-wide association and candidate gene studies for alcoholism.	2012	22978509
Copy number variations in 6q14.1 and 5q13.2 are associated with alcohol dependence.	2012	22702843
Genes encoding enzymes involved in ethanol metabolism.	2012	23134050
Genome-wide association study of comorbid depressive syndrome and alcohol dependence.	2012	22064162
Genome-wide significant association between alcohol dependence and a variant in the ADH gene cluster.	2012	22004471
Identifying genetic variation for alcohol dependence.	2012	23134043
Recent advances in the genetic epidemiology and molecular genetics of substance use disorders.	2012	22281715
Stable genetic effects on symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence from adolescence into early adulthood.	2012	21818662
The genetic basis of addictive disorders.	2012	22640768
The genetics of alcohol dependence: advancing towards systems-based approaches.	2012	22854292
The genetics of substance dependence.	2012	22703173
A novel, functional and replicable risk gene region for alcohol dependence identified by genome-wide association study.	2011	22096494
A quantitative-trait genome-wide association study of alcoholism risk in the community: findings and implications.	2011	21529783
Genetic vulnerability and susceptibility to substance dependence.	2011	21338875
Genomewide association analysis of symptoms of alcohol dependence in the molecular genetics of schizophrenia (MGS2) control sample.	2011	21314694
Genomic regions identified by overlapping clusters of nominally-positive SNPs from genome-wide studies of alcohol and illegal substance dependence.	2011	21818250
Strong association of the alcohol dehydrogenase 1B gene (ADH1B) with alcohol dependence and alcohol-induced medical diseases.	2011	21497796
A genomewide association study of nicotine and alcohol dependence in Australian and Dutch populations.	2010	20158304
Genetically informative research on adolescent substance use: methods, findings, and challenges.	2010	21093770
Genetic and environmental risk factors for adolescent-onset substance use disorders.	2010	20682215
Genetic research: who is at risk for alcoholism.	2010	23579937
Genetics of addictions.	2010	20159342
Genome-wide association study of alcohol dependence implicates a region on chromosome 11.	2010	20201924
Peer substance involvement modifies genetic influences on regular substance involvement in young women.	2010	20569232

External

Title	Authors	Journal	Year	Link
Multisite, Multiancestry Genome-Wide Association Study Meta-Analysis of Functional Seizure Disorder in a Hospital Sample of 675,680 Patients.	Goleva SB et al.	—	2026	→
From Natural Behavior to Drug Screening: Invertebrates as Models to Study Mechanisms Associated with Alcohol Use Disorders.	Scholz H	—	2025	→
T-Cadherin (<i>CDH13</i>) and Non-Coding RNAs: The Crosstalk Between Health and Disease.	Rubina K et al.	—	2025	→
Generalized genetic liability to substance use disorders.	Miller AP et al.	—	2024	→
Human genetics and epigenetics of alcohol use disorder.	Zhou H et al.	—	2024	→
Neuronal-specific methylome and hydroxymethylome analysis reveal significant loci associated with alcohol use disorder.	Andrade-Brito DE et al.	—	2024	→
Genetic variation in <i>TERT</i> modifies the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in alcohol-related cirrhosis: results from a genome-wide case-control study.	Buch S et al.	—	2023	→
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, offspring epigenome-wide DNA methylation, and childhood obesity: findings from the Boston Birth Cohort.	Si J et al.	—	2023	→
Alcohol-Induced Oxidative Stress and the Role of Antioxidants in Alcohol Use Disorder: A Systematic Review.	Tsermpini EE et al.	—	2022	→
Cadherin-13 is a critical regulator of GABAergic modulation in human stem-cell-derived neuronal networks.	Mossink B et al.	—	2022	→
Common and distinguishing genetic factors for substance use behavior and disorder: an integrated analysis of genomic and transcriptomic studies from both human and animal studies.	Chang XW et al.	—	2022	→
GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor subtypes and benzodiazepine use, misuse, and abuse.	Engin E	—	2022	→
Genetic and environmental etiology of drinking motives in college students.	Savage JE et al.	—	2022	→
Genetic and functional analyses implicate microRNA 499A in bipolar disorder development.	Tielke A et al.	—	2022	→
Genome-wide meta-analysis of alcohol use disorder in East Asians.	Zhou H et al.	—	2022	→
Pharmacogenetics of Addiction Therapy.	Graham DP et al.	—	2022	→
The long noncoding RNA FEDORA is a cell type- and sex-specific regulator of depression.	Issler O et al.	—	2022	→
A Common <i>CDH13</i> Variant Is Associated with Low Agreeableness and Neural Responses to Working Memory Tasks in ADHD.	Ziegler GC et al.	—	2021	→
Alcohol Intake and Alcohol-SNP Interactions Associated with Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness.	Lin HY et al.	—	2021	→
A systems omics-based approach to decode substance use disorders and neuroadaptations.	Veerappa A et al.	—	2021	→
Bibliometric Insights in Genetic Factors of Substance-Related Disorders: Intellectual Developments, Turning Points, and Emerging Trends.	Wang K et al.	—	2021	→
ERR and dPECR Suggest a Link Between Neuroprotection and the Regulation of Ethanol Consumption Preference.	Velo Escarcena L et al.	—	2021	→
Genetic Basis of Dual Diagnosis: A Review of Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) Focusing on Patients with Mood or Anxiety Disorders and Co-Occurring Alcohol-Use Disorders.	Stoychev K et al.	—	2021	→
Markers of Prenatal Androgen Exposure Correlate With Online Sexual Compulsivity and Erectile Function in Young Men.	Buchholz VN et al.	—	2021	→
Model-based assessment of replicability for genome-wide association meta-analysis.	McGuire D et al.	—	2021	→
Preadult polytoxicomania-strong environmental underpinnings and first genetic hints.	Steixner-Kumar AA et al.	—	2021	→
Serotonin-specific neurons differentiated from human iPSCs form distinct subtypes with synaptic protein assembly.	Jansch C et al.	—	2021	→
Alcohol Induced Depression: Clinical, Biological and Genetic Features.	Farré A et al.	—	2020	→
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): A novel mechanism for reducing ethanol consumption and seeking behaviors in female alcohol preferring (P) rats.	Hauser SR et al.	—	2020	→
Big Data Begin in Psychiatry.	Weissman MM	—	2020	→
Cadherin-13 is a critical regulator of GABAergic modulation in human stem cell derived neuronal networks	Mossink B et al.	—	2020	—
Discovering weaker genetic associations guided by known associations.	Wang H et al.	—	2020	→
Genome-wide pQTL analysis of protein expression regulatory networks in the human liver.	He B et al.	—	2020	→
Lower digit ratio (2D:4D) in alcohol dependence: Confirmation and exploratory analysis in a population-based study of young men.	Lenz B et al.	—	2020	→
On the path towards personalized medicine: Implications of pharmacogenetic studies of alcohol use disorder medications.	Nieto SJ et al.	—	2020	→
Pharmacotherapies and personalized medicine for alcohol use disorder: a review.	Lohoff FW	—	2020	→
Post-GWAS analysis of six substance use traits improves the identification and functional interpretation of genetic risk loci.	Marees AT et al.	—	2020	→
Prefrontal cortex eQTLs/mQTLs enriched in genetic variants associated with alcohol use disorder and other diseases.	Lin H et al.	—	2020	→
Recent advances in genetic studies of alcohol use disorders.	Gupta I et al.	—	2020	→
Association between polygenic risk for tobacco or alcohol consumption and liability to licit and illicit substance use in young Australian adults.	Chang LH et al.	—	2019	→
Basic Human Body Dimensions Relate to Alcohol Dependence and Predict Hospital Readmission.	Lenz B et al.	—	2019	→
Beyond genome-wide significance: integrative approaches to the interpretation and extension of GWAS findings for alcohol use disorder.	Salvatore JE et al.	—	2019	→
Estrogen receptor 1 gene variants and estradiol activities in alcohol dependence.	Mühle C et al.	—	2019	→
Genetic determinants of beverage consumption: Implications for nutrition and health.	Cornelis MC	—	2019	→
Genetic evidence for assortative mating on alcohol consumption in the UK Biobank.	Howe LJ et al.	—	2019	→
Genetic loci for alcohol-related life events and substance-induced affective symptoms: indexing the "dark side" of addiction.	Peng Q et al.	—	2019	→
Genome-wide association study of alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT) scores in 20 328 research participants of European ancestry.	Sanchez-Roige S et al.	—	2019	→
Genome-wide profiling of DNA methylome and transcriptome in peripheral blood monocytes for major depression: A Monozygotic Discordant Twin Study.	Zhu Y et al.	—	2019	→
GWAS and network analysis of co-occurring nicotine and alcohol dependence identifies significantly associated alleles and network.	Xiang B et al.	—	2019	→
GWAS of Behavioral Traits.	Mehta D et al.	—	2019	→
Novel approaches to alcohol rehabilitation: Modification of stress-responsive brain regions through environmental enrichment.	Pang TY et al.	—	2019	→
On entropy and information in gene interaction networks.	Wallace ZS et al.	—	2019	→
The Cortical Neuroimmune Regulator TANK Affects Emotional Processing and Enhances Alcohol Drinking: A Translational Study.	Müller CP et al.	—	2019	→
Unraveling the Mechanisms of Behaviors Associated With AUDs Using Flies and Worms.	Scholz H	—	2019	→
Unravelling the genetic basis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with GWAS: A systematic review.	Prata DP et al.	—	2019	→
Alcohol Dehydrogenases, Aldehyde Dehydrogenases, and Alcohol Use Disorders: A Critical Review.	Edenberg HJ et al.	—	2018	→
Association Analysis Between Genetic Variation in GATA Binding Protein 4 (GATA4) and Alcohol Use Disorder.	Mauro KL et al.	—	2018	→
Associations between alcohol dehydrogenase genes and alcohol use across early and middle adolescence: Moderation × Preventive intervention.	Cleveland HH et al.	—	2018	→
Circular RNA expression profiles in the porcine liver of two distinct phenotype pig breeds.	Huang M et al.	—	2018	→
CIS-Acting Allele-Specific Expression Differences Induced by Alcohol and Impacted by Sex as Well as Parental Genotype of Origin.	Lo CL et al.	—	2018	→
Cross-species molecular dissection across alcohol behavioral domains.	Farris SP et al.	—	2018	→
GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor polymorphisms in alcohol use disorder in the GWAS era.	Koulentaki M et al.	—	2018	→
Genetic polymorphisms of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes and their association with alcoholism risk, personality and anthropometric traits among Malaysian university students.	Ong HH et al.	—	2018	→
Genetics of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Role for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells?	Prytkova I et al.	—	2018	→
Human Genetics of Addiction: New Insights and Future Directions.	Hancock DB et al.	—	2018	→
Machine-learned analysis of the association of next-generation sequencing-based human TRPV1 and TRPA1 genotypes with the sensitivity to heat stimuli and topically applied capsaicin.	Kringel D et al.	—	2018	→
Novel genetic associations for blood pressure identified via gene-alcohol interaction in up to 570K individuals across multiple ancestries.	Feitosa MF et al.	—	2018	→
Precision Medicine in Alcohol Dependence: A Controlled Trial Testing Pharmacotherapy Response Among Reward and Relief Drinking Phenotypes.	Mann K et al.	—	2018	→
Shared genetic etiology between alcohol dependence and major depressive disorder.	Foo JC et al.	—	2018	→
The Role of Cell Adhesion Molecule Genes Regulating Neuroplasticity in Addiction.	Muskiewicz DE et al.	—	2018	→
Alcohol and nicotine codependence-associated DNA methylation changes in promoter regions of addiction-related genes.	Xu H et al.	—	2017	→
Alpha-1 antitrypsin inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and functions.	Akbar MA et al.	—	2017	→
An association study revealed substantial effects of dominance, epistasis and substance dependence co-morbidity on alcohol dependence symptom count.	Chen G et al.	—	2017	→
Blunted Dopamine Transmission in Addiction: Potential Mechanisms and Implications for Behavior.	Trifilieff P et al.	—	2017	→
Cadherin-13 Deficiency Increases Dorsal Raphe 5-HT Neuron Density and Prefrontal Cortex Innervation in the Mouse Brain.	Forero A et al.	—	2017	→
Comorbidity of Alcohol Use Disorder and Chronic Pain: Genetic Influences on Brain Reward and Stress Systems.	Yeung EW et al.	—	2017	→
Deep Sequencing of 71 Candidate Genes to Characterize Variation Associated with Alcohol Dependence.	Clark SL et al.	—	2017	→
Effects of selection for ethanol preference on gene expression in the nucleus accumbens of HS-CC mice.	Colville AM et al.	—	2017	→
Emergent biomarker derived from next-generation sequencing to identify pain patients requiring uncommonly high opioid doses.	Kringel D et al.	—	2017	→
Epidemiological and sociodemographic factors associated with complicated alcohol withdrawal syndrome.	Monte-Secades R et al.	—	2017	→
From forensic epigenetics to forensic epigenomics: broadening DNA investigative intelligence.	Vidaki A et al.	—	2017	→
Genetic and Epigenetic Profile of Patients With Alcoholic Liver Disease.	Boccuto L et al.	—	2017	→
Genetic Risk Variants Associated With Comorbid Alcohol Dependence and Major Depression.	Zhou H et al.	—	2017	→
Genetics of addictive behavior: the example of nicotine dependence.	Gorwood P et al.	—	2017	→
Genetics of alcohol consumption in Drosophila melanogaster.	Fochler S et al.	—	2017	→
Genetic studies of alcohol dependence in the context of the addiction cycle.	Reilly MT et al.	—	2017	→
Genetic variation and epigenetic modification of the prodynorphin gene in peripheral blood cells in alcoholism.	D'Addario C et al.	—	2017	→
Genomewide Association Study of Alcohol Dependence Identifies Risk Loci Altering Ethanol-Response Behaviors in Model Organisms.	Adkins AE et al.	—	2017	→
<i>BNDF</i> methylation in mothers and newborns is associated with maternal exposure to war trauma.	Kertes DA et al.	—	2017	→
Molecular Genetic Influences on Normative and Problematic Alcohol Use in a Population-Based Sample of College Students.	Webb BT et al.	—	2017	→
Polymorphisms in PDLIM5 gene are associated with alcohol dependence, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension.	Owusu D et al.	—	2017	→
Prenatal and adult androgen activities in alcohol dependence.	Lenz B et al.	—	2017	→
Review: DNA methylation and alcohol use disorders: Progress and challenges.	Zhang H et al.	—	2017	→
SNP by SNP by environment interaction network of alcoholism.	Zollanvari A et al.	—	2017	→
The genetic epidemiology of substance use disorder: A review.	Prom-Wormley EC et al.	—	2017	→
The genetics of alcohol dependence and alcohol-related liver disease.	Stickel F et al.	—	2017	→
Two novel candidate genes identified in adults from the Newfoundland population with addictive tendencies towards food.	Pedram P et al.	—	2017	→
A Genome-wide study of blood pressure in African Americans accounting for gene-smoking interaction.	Taylor JY et al.	—	2016	→
Analysis of Rare Variants in the Alcohol Dependence Candidate Gene GATA4.	Degenhardt F et al.	—	2016	→
A Primer on the Genetics of Comorbid Eating Disorders and Substance Use Disorders.	Munn-Chernoff MA et al.	—	2016	→
Association of the OPRM1 Variant rs1799971 (A118G) with Non-Specific Liability to Substance Dependence in a Collaborative de novo Meta-Analysis of European-Ancestry Cohorts.	Schwantes-An TH et al.	—	2016	→
Association Study of Gene Polymorphisms in GABA, Serotonin, Dopamine, and Alcohol Metabolism Pathways with Alcohol Dependence in Taiwanese Han Men.	Wu LS et al.	—	2016	→
Cadherin 13: human <i>cis</i>-regulation and selectively-altered addiction phenotypes and cerebral cortical dopamine in knockout mice.	Drgonova J et al.	—	2016	→
DISC1 as a Possible Genetic Contribution to Opioid Dependence in a Polish Sample.	Fudalej S et al.	—	2016	→
Dopamine and serotonin genetic risk scores predicting substance and nicotine use in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.	Groenman AP et al.	—	2016	→
Exploration of a Polygenic Risk Score for Alcohol Consumption: A Longitudinal Analysis from the ALSPAC Cohort.	Taylor M et al.	—	2016	→
GATA4 variant interaction with brain limbic structure and relapse risk: A voxel-based morphometry study.	Zois E et al.	—	2016	→
Genetic imaging consortium for addiction medicine: From neuroimaging to genes.	Mackey S et al.	—	2016	→
High Resolution Genomic Scans Reveal Genetic Architecture Controlling Alcohol Preference in Bidirectionally Selected Rat Model.	Lo CL et al.	—	2016	→
Overview of the Genetics of Alcohol Use Disorder.	Tawa EA et al.	—	2016	→
[A genetic view of addiction].	Ramoz N et al.	—	2015	→
A genome-wide association study confirms PNPLA3 and identifies TM6SF2 and MBOAT7 as risk loci for alcohol-related cirrhosis.	Buch S et al.	—	2015	→
Alcohol Dependence Genetics: Lessons Learned From Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and Post-GWAS Analyses.	Hart AB et al.	—	2015	→
Association analysis of the Cadherin13 gene with schizophrenia in the Japanese population.	Otsuka I et al.	—	2015	→
Associations of prodynorphin sequence variation with alcohol dependence and related traits are phenotype-specific and sex-dependent.	Winham SJ et al.	—	2015	→
Cadherin-13, a risk gene for ADHD and comorbid disorders, impacts GABAergic function in hippocampus and cognition.	Rivero O et al.	—	2015	→
Candidate gene-environment interaction research: reflections and recommendations.	Dick DM et al.	—	2015	→
CDH13 and HCRTR2 May Be Associated with Hypersomnia Symptom of Bipolar Depression: A Genome-Wide Functional Enrichment Pathway Analysis.	Cho CH et al.	—	2015	→
DAT1 and Alcohol Use: Differential Responses to Life Stress during Adolescence.	Stogner JM	—	2015	→
Gene-based and pathway-based genome-wide association study of alcohol dependence.	Zuo L et al.	—	2015	→
Gene expression changes in serotonin, GABA-A receptors, neuropeptides and ion channels in the dorsal raphe nucleus of adolescent alcohol-preferring (P) rats following binge-like alcohol drinking.	McClintick JN et al.	—	2015	→
Genetic variants in or near ADH1B and ADH1C affect susceptibility to alcohol dependence in a British and Irish population.	Way M et al.	—	2015	→
Genomewide Association Study for Maximum Number of Alcoholic Drinks in European Americans and African Americans.	Xu K et al.	—	2015	→
Genome-Wide Association Study of Behavioral Disinhibition in a Selected Adolescent Sample.	Derringer J et al.	—	2015	→
Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Alcohol Consumption Across Youth and Early Adulthood.	Adkins DE et al.	—	2015	→
Genomic influences on alcohol problems in a population-based sample of young adults.	Edwards AC et al.	—	2015	→
Human cell adhesion molecules: annotated functional subtypes and overrepresentation of addiction-associated genes.	Zhong X et al.	—	2015	→
Investigation of the role of TCF4 rare sequence variants in schizophrenia.	Basmanav FB et al.	—	2015	→
Mouse Model for Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase D (<i>PTPRD</i>) Associations with Restless Leg Syndrome or Willis-Ekbom Disease and Addiction: Reduced Expression Alters Locomotion, Sleep Behaviors and Cocaine-Conditioned Place Preference.	Drgonova J et al.	—	2015	→
Pharmacogenetics of alcohol use disorders and comorbid psychiatric disorders.	Helton SG et al.	—	2015	→
Pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence: A stratified approach.	Thompson A et al.	—	2015	→
Polymorphisms at PRSS1-PRSS2 and CLDN2-MORC4 loci associate with alcoholic and non-alcoholic chronic pancreatitis in a European replication study.	Derikx MH et al.	—	2015	→
Polymorphisms in early neurodevelopmental genes affect natural variation in alcohol sensitivity in adult drosophila.	Morozova TV et al.	—	2015	→
Risky Business: Pathways to Progress in Biologically Informed Studies of Psychopathology.	Agrawal A et al.	—	2015	→
The classic cadherins in synaptic specificity.	Basu R et al.	—	2015	→
The genetics of alcohol dependence: Twin and SNP-based heritability, and genome-wide association study based on AUDIT scores.	Mbarek H et al.	—	2015	→
XRCC5 as a risk gene for alcohol dependence: evidence from a genome-wide gene-set-based analysis and follow-up studies in Drosophila and humans.	Juraeva D et al.	—	2015	→
A brief history of research on the genetics of alcohol and other drug use disorders.	Schuckit MA	—	2014	→
ALDH2 is associated to alcohol dependence and is the major genetic determinant of "daily maximum drinks" in a GWAS study of an isolated rural Chinese sample.	Quillen EE et al.	—	2014	→
Association of GATA4 sequence variation with alcohol dependence.	Karpyak VM et al.	—	2014	→
Circadian rhythms and addiction: mechanistic insights and future directions.	Logan RW et al.	—	2014	→
Cognitive mediators and disparities in the relation between teen depressiveness and smoking.	Mistry R et al.	—	2014	→
Curious cases: Altered dose-response relationships in addiction genetics.	Uhl GR et al.	—	2014	→
Ethanol treatment of lymphoblastoid cell lines from alcoholics and non-alcoholics causes many subtle changes in gene expression.	McClintick JN et al.	—	2014	→
Exploring the genetic architecture of alcohol dependence in African-Americans via analysis of a genomewide set of common variants.	Yang C et al.	—	2014	→
Gene expression signatures affected by alcohol-induced DNA methylomic deregulation in human embryonic stem cells.	Khalid O et al.	—	2014	→
Genetic markers associated with abstinence length in alcohol-dependent subjects treated with acamprosate.	Karpyak VM et al.	—	2014	→
Genetic risk prediction and neurobiological understanding of alcoholism.	Levey DF et al.	—	2014	→
Genetics and genomics of alcohol sensitivity.	Morozova TV et al.	—	2014	→
Genetics of alcohol dependence: a review of clinical studies.	Samochowiec J et al.	—	2014	→
Genetics of alcoholism.	Edenberg HJ et al.	—	2014	→
Genetics of alcoholism.	Iyer-Eimerbrink PA et al.	—	2014	→
Genetic variation in the atrial natriuretic peptide transcription factor GATA4 modulates amygdala responsiveness in alcohol dependence.	Jorde A et al.	—	2014	→
Genome-wide association discoveries of alcohol dependence.	Zuo L et al.	—	2014	→
Genome-wide association study of alcohol dependence:significant findings in African- and European-Americans including novel risk loci.	Gelernter J et al.	—	2014	→
Genome-wide survival analysis of age at onset of alcohol dependence in extended high-risk COGA families.	Kapoor M et al.	—	2014	→
Have the genetics of cannabis involvement gone to pot?	Agrawal A et al.	—	2014	→
Identifying Genetic Variants for Addiction via Propensity Score Adjusted Generalized Kendall's Tau.	Jiang Y et al.	—	2014	→
Introduction to deep sequencing and its application to drug addiction research with a focus on rare variants.	Wang S et al.	—	2014	→
Investigation of the involvement of MIR185 and its target genes in the development of schizophrenia.	Forstner AJ et al.	—	2014	→
Natriuretic hormones in brain function.	Hodes A et al.	—	2014	→
Novel QTL at chromosome 6p22 for alcohol consumption: Implications for the genetic liability of alcohol use disorders.	Kos MZ et al.	—	2014	→
Paternal alcohol exposure reduces alcohol drinking and increases behavioral sensitivity to alcohol selectively in male offspring.	Finegersh A et al.	—	2014	→
Pharmacogenetics of addiction therapy.	Nielsen DA et al.	—	2014	→
The Genetics, Neurogenetics and Pharmacogenetics of Addiction.	Demers CH et al.	—	2014	→
A bivariate mann-whitney approach for unraveling genetic variants and interactions contributing to comorbidity.	Wen Y et al.	—	2013	→
A genome-wide association study of alcohol-dependence symptom counts in extended pedigrees identifies C15orf53.	Wang JC et al.	—	2013	→
Alcohol consumption in men is influenced by qualitatively different genetic factors in adolescence and adulthood.	Edwards AC et al.	—	2013	→
A meta-analysis of two genome-wide association studies to identify novel loci for maximum number of alcoholic drinks.	Kapoor M et al.	—	2013	→
Association of the PDYN gene with alcohol dependence and the propensity to drink in negative emotional states.	Karpyak VM et al.	—	2013	→
Associations between polymorphisms in sex steroid related genes and autistic-like traits.	Zettergren A et al.	—	2013	→
A systems medicine research approach for studying alcohol addiction.	Spanagel R et al.	—	2013	→
Behavioral, biological, and chemical perspectives on targeting CRF(1) receptor antagonists to treat alcoholism.	Zorrilla EP et al.	—	2013	→
Common variants in HLA-DRA gene are associated with alcohol dependence in two Caucasian samples.	Pan Y et al.	—	2013	→
Convergent functional genomics in addiction research - a translational approach to study candidate genes and gene networks.	Spanagel R	—	2013	→
Functional characterization of SNPs in CHRNA3/B4 intergenic region associated with drug behaviors.	Flora AV et al.	—	2013	→
Functional properties of rare missense variants of human CDH13 found in adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients.	Mavroconstanti T et al.	—	2013	→
Genetic influences on the development of alcoholism.	Enoch MA	—	2013	→
Genetics and alcoholism.	Edenberg HJ et al.	—	2013	→
Genetics and epigenetics of alcohol dependence.	Nieratschker V et al.	—	2013	→
Genetic variants in the fat mass- and obesity-associated (FTO) gene are associated with alcohol dependence.	Wang L et al.	—	2013	→
Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis in alcohol dependence.	Zhang R et al.	—	2013	→
Genome-wide gene-set analysis for identification of pathways associated with alcohol dependence.	Biernacka JM et al.	—	2013	→
Genome-wide significant association signals in IPO11-HTR1A region specific for alcohol and nicotine codependence.	Zuo L et al.	—	2013	→
GLiMMPS: robust statistical model for regulatory variation of alternative splicing using RNA-seq data.	Zhao K et al.	—	2013	→
Impact of the ADHD-susceptibility gene CDH13 on development and function of brain networks.	Rivero O et al.	—	2013	→
Loss of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 escalates alcohol consumption.	Zhou Z et al.	—	2013	→
Molecular and genetic determinants of alcohol dependence.	Awofala AA	—	2013	→
NKAIN1-SERINC2 is a functional, replicable and genome-wide significant risk gene region specific for alcohol dependence in subjects of European descent.	Zuo L et al.	—	2013	→
Polymorphisms of genes in neurotransmitter systems were associated with alcohol use disorders in a Tibetan population.	Xu Y et al.	—	2013	→
Replication of genome wide association studies of alcohol dependence: support for association with variation in ADH1C.	Biernacka JM et al.	—	2013	→
Stress-response pathways are altered in the hippocampus of chronic alcoholics.	McClintick JN et al.	—	2013	→
Substance use disorders: a theory-driven approach to the integration of genetics and neuroimaging.	Karoly HC et al.	—	2013	→
The genetics of alcohol dependence.	Rietschel M et al.	—	2013	→
αCaMKII autophosphorylation controls the establishment of alcohol drinking behavior.	Easton AC et al.	—	2013	→
ADH1B is associated with alcohol dependence and alcohol consumption in populations of European and African ancestry.	Bierut LJ et al.	—	2012	→
A haplotype analysis is consistent with the role of functional HTR1B variants in alcohol dependence.	Contini V et al.	—	2012	→
Alcohol intake.	Corella D	—	2012	→
A promoter polymorphism in the Per3 gene is associated with alcohol and stress response.	Wang X et al.	—	2012	→
Association of V89L SRD5A2 polymorphism with craving and serum leptin levels in male alcohol addicts.	Lenz B et al.	—	2012	→
Cadherins and neuropsychiatric disorders.	Redies C et al.	—	2012	→
Cadherins in brain morphogenesis and wiring.	Hirano S et al.	—	2012	→
Chloride intracellular channels modulate acute ethanol behaviors in Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans and mice.	Bhandari P et al.	—	2012	→
Chronic alcohol exposure alters gene expression in HepG2 cells.	Pochareddy S et al.	—	2012	→
CNS effects of CB2 cannabinoid receptors: beyond neuro-immuno-cannabinoid activity.	Onaivi ES et al.	—	2012	→
Convergence of genome-wide association and candidate gene studies for alcoholism.	Olfson E et al.	—	2012	→
Copy number variations in 6q14.1 and 5q13.2 are associated with alcohol dependence.	Lin P et al.	—	2012	→
Genes encoding enzymes involved in ethanol metabolism.	Hurley TD et al.	—	2012	→
Genetics of dopamine receptors and drug addiction.	Gorwood P et al.	—	2012	→
Genetic variability in the NMDA-dependent AMPA trafficking cascade is associated with alcohol dependence.	Karpyak VM et al.	—	2012	→
Genetic variations in bile acid homeostasis are not overrepresented in alcoholic cirrhosis compared to patients with heavy alcohol abuse and absent liver disease.	Many N et al.	—	2012	→
Genome-wide association study identifies 5q21 and 9p24.1 (KDM4C) loci associated with alcohol withdrawal symptoms.	Wang KS et al.	—	2012	→
Genome-wide association study of alcohol dependence implicates KIAA0040 on chromosome 1q.	Zuo L et al.	—	2012	→
Genome-wide association study of comorbid depressive syndrome and alcohol dependence.	Edwards AC et al.	—	2012	→
Genome-wide association study of d-amphetamine response in healthy volunteers identifies putative associations, including cadherin 13 (CDH13).	Hart AB et al.	—	2012	→
Genome-wide significant association between alcohol dependence and a variant in the ADH gene cluster.	Frank J et al.	—	2012	→
Identifying genetic variation for alcohol dependence.	Agrawal A et al.	—	2012	→
Implications of central immune signaling caused by drugs of abuse: mechanisms, mediators and new therapeutic approaches for prediction and treatment of drug dependence.	Coller JK et al.	—	2012	→
Measuring alcohol consumption for genomic meta-analyses of alcohol intake: opportunities and challenges.	Agrawal A et al.	—	2012	→
Recent advances in the genetic epidemiology and molecular genetics of substance use disorders.	Kendler KS et al.	—	2012	→
Segment-wise genome-wide association analysis identifies a candidate region associated with schizophrenia in three independent samples.	Gladwin TE et al.	—	2012	→
Sex hormone activity in alcohol addiction: integrating organizational and activational effects.	Lenz B et al.	—	2012	→
Stable genetic effects on symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence from adolescence into early adulthood.	van Beek JH et al.	—	2012	→
The genetic basis of addictive disorders.	Ducci F et al.	—	2012	→
The genetic basis of alcoholism: multiple phenotypes, many genes, complex networks.	Morozova TV et al.	—	2012	→
The genetic effect of copy number variations on the risk of alcoholism in a Korean population.	Bae JS et al.	—	2012	→
The genetics of addiction-a translational perspective.	Agrawal A et al.	—	2012	→
The genetics of alcohol dependence: advancing towards systems-based approaches.	Palmer RH et al.	—	2012	→
The genetics of substance dependence.	Wang JC et al.	—	2012	→
Twin study of the relationship between adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and adult alcohol dependence.	Edwards AC et al.	—	2012	→
A candidate gene association study of alcohol consumption in young women.	Agrawal A et al.	—	2011	→
Agency versus structure: genetics, group membership, and a new twist on an old debate.	Angel RJ	—	2011	→
Alcohol research: past, present, and future.	Gunzerath L et al.	—	2011	→
A meta-analysis of two genome-wide association studies identifies 3 new loci for alcohol dependence.	Wang KS et al.	—	2011	→
A novel, functional and replicable risk gene region for alcohol dependence identified by genome-wide association study.	Zuo L et al.	—	2011	→
A novel SNP in COMT is associated with alcohol dependence but not opiate or nicotine dependence: a case control study.	Voisey J et al.	—	2011	→
A quantitative-trait genome-wide association study of alcoholism risk in the community: findings and implications.	Heath AC et al.	—	2011	→
A risk marker for alcohol dependence on chromosome 2q35 is related to neuroticism in the general population.	Grabe HJ et al.	—	2011	→
Association of ADH4 genetic variants with alcohol dependence risk and related phenotypes: results from a larger multicenter association study.	Preuss UW et al.	—	2011	→
CDH13 is associated with working memory performance in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.	Arias-Vásquez A et al.	—	2011	→
Common and rare variants in alcohol dependence.	Edenberg HJ	—	2011	→
Confirmation of prior evidence of genetic susceptibility to alcoholism in a genome-wide association study of comorbid alcoholism and bipolar disorder.	Lydall GJ et al.	—	2011	→
Convergent functional genomic studies of ω-3 fatty acids in stress reactivity, bipolar disorder and alcoholism.	Le-Niculescu H et al.	—	2011	→
Family-based association analysis of alcohol dependence in the COGA sample and replication in the Australian twin-family study.	Wang KS et al.	—	2011	→
Genetics of alcohol dependence.	Kimura M et al.	—	2011	→
Genetic variation in the PNPLA3 gene is associated with alcoholic liver injury in caucasians.	Stickel F et al.	—	2011	→
Genetic vulnerability and susceptibility to substance dependence.	Bierut LJ	—	2011	→
Genomewide association analysis of symptoms of alcohol dependence in the molecular genetics of schizophrenia (MGS2) control sample.	Kendler KS et al.	—	2011	→
Genome-wide association and genetic functional studies identify autism susceptibility candidate 2 gene (AUTS2) in the regulation of alcohol consumption.	Schumann G et al.	—	2011	→
Genome-wide association studies identify genetic loci related to alcohol consumption in Korean men.	Baik I et al.	—	2011	→
Genome-wide association studies of alcohol intake--a promising cocktail?	Agrawal A et al.	—	2011	→
Genomic regions identified by overlapping clusters of nominally-positive SNPs from genome-wide studies of alcohol and illegal substance dependence.	Johnson C et al.	—	2011	→
Glypican Gene GPC5 Participates in the Behavioral Response to Ethanol: Evidence from Humans, Mice, and Fruit Flies.	Joslyn G et al.	—	2011	→
Identifying neurobiological phenotypes associated with alcohol use disorder severity.	Claus ED et al.	—	2011	→
Involvement of the atrial natriuretic peptide transcription factor GATA4 in alcohol dependence, relapse risk and treatment response to acamprosate.	Kiefer F et al.	—	2011	→
"Replicated" genome wide association for dependence on illegal substances: genomic regions identified by overlapping clusters of nominally positive SNPs.	Drgon T et al.	—	2011	→
Strong association of the alcohol dehydrogenase 1B gene (ADH1B) with alcohol dependence and alcohol-induced medical diseases.	Li D et al.	—	2011	→
Temporal and spatial patterns in the rate of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in a defined community.	Gonzalez-Quintela A et al.	—	2011	→
Understanding the contribution of synonymous mutations to human disease.	Sauna ZE et al.	—	2011	→
Addiction research centres and the nurturing of creativity department of addictive behaviour and addiction medicine, central institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, University of Heidelberg.	Mann K	—	2010	→
A genome-wide association study of alcohol dependence.	Bierut LJ et al.	—	2010	→
A genomewide association study of nicotine and alcohol dependence in Australian and Dutch populations.	Lind PA et al.	—	2010	→
An integrated genome research network for studying the genetics of alcohol addiction.	Spanagel R et al.	—	2010	→
Cool, but is it credible? Adolescents' and parents' approaches to genetic testing.	Rew L et al.	—	2010	→
Disease-associated mutations that alter the RNA structural ensemble.	Halvorsen M et al.	—	2010	→
Do candidate genes discriminate patients with an autism spectrum disorder from those with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and is there an effect of lifetime substance use disorders?	Sizoo B et al.	—	2010	→
Genes and alcohol.	Osby U et al.	—	2010	→
Genetically informative research on adolescent substance use: methods, findings, and challenges.	Lynskey MT et al.	—	2010	→
Genetic and environmental risk factors for adolescent-onset substance use disorders.	Meyers JL et al.	—	2010	→
Genetic research: who is at risk for alcoholism.	Foroud T et al.	—	2010	→
Genetics of addictions.	Hartz SM et al.	—	2010	→
Genetics of addictions.	Hartz SM et al.	—	2010	→
Genetics of human social behavior.	Ebstein RP et al.	—	2010	→
Genetic variation and brain gene expression in rodent models of alcoholism implications for medication development.	Björk K et al.	—	2010	→
Genome-wide association identifies candidate genes that influence the human electroencephalogram.	Hodgkinson CA et al.	—	2010	→
Genome-wide association scan of trait depression.	Terracciano A et al.	—	2010	→
Genome-wide association studies: a powerful tool for neurogenomics.	Cowperthwaite MC et al.	—	2010	→
Genome-wide association study of alcohol dependence implicates a region on chromosome 11.	Edenberg HJ et al.	—	2010	→
Individualised treatment in alcohol-dependent patients.	Mann K et al.	—	2010	→
MacroRNA underdogs in a microRNA world: evolutionary, regulatory, and biomedical significance of mammalian long non-protein-coding RNA.	Lipovich L et al.	—	2010	→
[Neurobiology and genetics of addiction].	Kiefer F	—	2010	→
New Genetic Findings in Schizophrenia: Is there Still Room for the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia?	Nieratschker V et al.	—	2010	→
Peer substance involvement modifies genetic influences on regular substance involvement in young women.	Agrawal A et al.	—	2010	→
[Gambling and internet addiction: review and research agenda].	Wölfling K et al.	—	2009	→
Genetical genomic determinants of alcohol consumption in rats and humans.	Tabakoff B et al.	—	2009	→
[Refuting the "myth of self-infliction": addiction psychiatry 2009].	Mann K et al.	—	2009	→